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Cited by 197Laser-Matter Interactions and ApplicationsAdvanced X-ray Imaging TechniquesLaser Material Processing Techniques

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Intense 1.5-cycle near infrared laser waveforms and their use for the generation of ultra-broadband soft-x-ray harmonic continua

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Cavalieri, A L, Goulielmakis, E, Horvath, B, Helml, W, Schultze, M, Fieß, M, Pervak, V, Veisz, L, Yakovlev, V S, Uiberacker, M, Apolonski, A, Krausz, F, Kienberger, R·2007·New Journal of Physics
DOI 10.1088/1367-2630/9/7/242
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Abstract

We demonstrate sub-millijoule-energy, sub-4 fs-duration near-infrared laser pulses with a controlled waveform comprised of approximately 1.5 optical cycles within the full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) of their temporal intensity profile. We further demonstrate the utility of these pulses for producing high-order harmonic continua of unprecedented bandwidth at photon energies around 100 eV. Ultra-broadband coherent continua extending from 90 eV to more than 130 eV with smooth spectral intensity distributions that exhibit dramatic, never-before-observed sensitivity to the carrier-envelope offset (CEO) phase of the driver laser pulse were generated. These results suggest the feasibility of sub-100-attosecond XUV pulse generation for attosecond spectroscopy in the 100 eV range, and of a simple yet highly sensitive on-line CEO phase detector with sub-50-ms response time.

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Crossref · 10.1088/1367-2630/9/7/242

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Figures

Figure 1 Design target for the positive dispersive mirrors used in the hybrid chirped mirror / prismcompressor. Each reflection is designed to impart an average GDD of 150 fs 2 . For comparison, 1 mm of fused-silica glass imparts ∼ 40 fs 2 at 800 nm.
Figure 1 Design target for the positive dispersive mirrors used in the hybrid chirped mirror / prismcompressor. Each reflection is designed to impart an average GDD of 150 fs 2 . For comparison, 1 mm of fused-silica glass imparts ∼ 40 fs 2 at 800 nm.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 2 Femtopower output spectra. The black curve in the left panel is for comparison, showing typical performance achieved prior to implementation of the hybrid chirped-mirror / prism compressor. The notch in the spectrum near 760 nm and general spectral narrowing in comparison to the uncompressed amplified output indicate SPM. The blue and red curves show the current output spectrum achieved by using the hybrid chirped-mirror / prism compressor. The blue curve is the direct output from the multi-pass amplifier and the red curve is the spectrum following compression in the hybrid compressor. Gain narrowing due to SPM is minimized. In the right panel, the corresponding autocorrelation function measured using the hybrid compressor is shown. Compression to below 23 fs FWHM was reached. Uncompensated higher order dispersion is also evident, indicating that better compression can be achieved in the future.
Figure 2 Femtopower output spectra. The black curve in the left panel is for comparison, showing typical performance achieved prior to implementation of the hybrid chirped-mirror / prism compressor. The notch in the spectrum near 760 nm and general spectral narrowing in comparison to the uncompressed amplified output indicate SPM. The blue and red curves show the current output spectrum achieved by using the hybrid chirped-mirror / prism compressor. The blue curve is the direct output from the multi-pass amplifier and the red curve is the spectrum following compression in the hybrid compressor. Gain narrowing due to SPM is minimized. In the right panel, the corresponding autocorrelation function measured using the hybrid compressor is shown. Compression to below 23 fs FWHM was reached. Uncompensated higher order dispersion is also evident, indicating that better compression can be achieved in the future.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 3 HCF broadened supercontinuum spectra utilizing shorter input pulses from the hybrid chirped-mirror / prism compressor. The blue curve shows the spectral broadening achieved using 1.8 bar of Ne while the red curve shows that achieved using 2.0 bar of Ne. The shortest SHG autocorrelation was measured using 2.0 bar Ne, while the shortest THG autocorrelation was achieved using 1.8 bar of Ne.
Figure 3 HCF broadened supercontinuum spectra utilizing shorter input pulses from the hybrid chirped-mirror / prism compressor. The blue curve shows the spectral broadening achieved using 1.8 bar of Ne while the red curve shows that achieved using 2.0 bar of Ne. The shortest SHG autocorrelation was measured using 2.0 bar Ne, while the shortest THG autocorrelation was achieved using 1.8 bar of Ne.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 4 SHG interferometric autocorrelation of the compressed HCF output supercontinuum generated in 2.0 bar of Ne. The blue curve is the measured autocorrelation function. The red curve is the calculated transform limited autocorrelation function based on the input spectrum. The calculated pulse duration is 3.0 fs (FWHM), or with a carrier wavelength of ∼ 720 nm, 1.25 optical cycles.
Figure 4 SHG interferometric autocorrelation of the compressed HCF output supercontinuum generated in 2.0 bar of Ne. The blue curve is the measured autocorrelation function. The red curve is the calculated transform limited autocorrelation function based on the input spectrum. The calculated pulse duration is 3.0 fs (FWHM), or with a carrier wavelength of ∼ 720 nm, 1.25 optical cycles.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 5 THG interferometric autocorrelation function of the compressed HCF output supercontinuum generated in 1.8 bar of Ne. The blue curve is the measured autocorrelation function. The red curve is the fi tted transform limited autocorrelation function. The fit pulse duration is 3.8 fs (FWHM).
Figure 5 THG interferometric autocorrelation function of the compressed HCF output supercontinuum generated in 1.8 bar of Ne. The blue curve is the measured autocorrelation function. The red curve is the fi tted transform limited autocorrelation function. The fit pulse duration is 3.8 fs (FWHM).CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 6 Few-cycle waveform-controlled NIR laser pulses are focused into a noble gas target (Ne) to produce high harmonic radiation. The pulse shape can be monitored using an interferometric autocorrelator. The 'HH-Meter' analyzes ionization of the background gas in the differential pumping stage and is indicative of the total XUV flux. After HHG, the remaining NIR radiation and low-order harmonics are filtered completely by a thin Zr and Pd foil. A back-thinned XUV camera (Roper Scientific) is used to observe either the direct XUV beam and / or by moving a flat-field grazing incidence grating (Hitachi) into the beam to observe the XUV spectrum.
Figure 6 Few-cycle waveform-controlled NIR laser pulses are focused into a noble gas target (Ne) to produce high harmonic radiation. The pulse shape can be monitored using an interferometric autocorrelator. The 'HH-Meter' analyzes ionization of the background gas in the differential pumping stage and is indicative of the total XUV flux. After HHG, the remaining NIR radiation and low-order harmonics are filtered completely by a thin Zr and Pd foil. A back-thinned XUV camera (Roper Scientific) is used to observe either the direct XUV beam and / or by moving a flat-field grazing incidence grating (Hitachi) into the beam to observe the XUV spectrum.CC-BY · From the PDF
Figure 7 CEOphase dependence of the XUV spectrum.A XUV spectrum for an initial value ϕ 0 of CEO phase, which we believe is close to zero (corresponding to a near cosine-shaped waveform), is shown in panel (a). Corresponding spectra for the CEO phases ϕ = ϕ 0 + π/ 4, ϕ = ϕ 0 + π/ 2 and ϕ = ϕ 0 + 3 π/ 4, are shown in panels (b), (c), and (d), respectively. In general, the spectral features are strongly dependent on the CEO phase and the effective cut-off energy shifts by more than 10 eV as the CEO phase is varied. An XUV spectrum generated by relatively long NIR driver pulses is shown in panel (e). Deep modulation in this HHG spectrum, which coincides with the use of long driver pulses, demonstrates the resolution of our spectrometer. Panel (f) shows the transmission function of the 150 nm thick Pd filter over the relevant spectral range (the transmission of the Zr foil is nearly flat in this spectral region).
Figure 7 CEOphase dependence of the XUV spectrum.A XUV spectrum for an initial value ϕ 0 of CEO phase, which we believe is close to zero (corresponding to a near cosine-shaped waveform), is shown in panel (a). Corresponding spectra for the CEO phases ϕ = ϕ 0 + π/ 4, ϕ = ϕ 0 + π/ 2 and ϕ = ϕ 0 + 3 π/ 4, are shown in panels (b), (c), and (d), respectively. In general, the spectral features are strongly dependent on the CEO phase and the effective cut-off energy shifts by more than 10 eV as the CEO phase is varied. An XUV spectrum generated by relatively long NIR driver pulses is shown in panel (e). Deep modulation in this HHG spectrum, which coincides with the use of long driver pulses, demonstrates the resolution of our spectrometer. Panel (f) shows the transmission function of the 150 nm thick Pd filter over the relevant spectral range (the transmission of the Zr foil is nearly flat in this spectral region).CC-BY · From the PDF

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Metadata

Authors
Cavalieri, A. L., Goulielmakis, E., Horvath, B., Helml, W., Schultze, M., Fieß, M., Pervak, V, Veisz, L., Yakovlev, V. S., Uiberacker, M., Apolonski, A., Krausz, F., & Kienberger, R.
Affiliations
  • Max Planck Institute of Quantum Optics (DE)
  • Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (DE)
Corresponding author
Horvath, B
ORCID
Venue
New Journal of Physics
Publisher
IOP Publishing
Published
2007-07-31
Volume
9
Issue
7
Pages
242-242
ISSN
1367-2630 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1088/1367-2630/9/7/242
OpenAlex
W2076180515
Cited by
197
References
22
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 12
FWCI
15.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • New Journal of Physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
  • The HKU Scholars Hub (University of Hong Kong) (submittedVersion)
  • mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
  • MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • Laserlab-Europe
  • European Commission
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications
  • Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Radiation › Advanced X-ray Imaging Techniques
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering › Laser Material Processing Techniques
Keywords
near-infrared pulses, high harmonic generation, attosecond spectroscopy, few-cycle pulses

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