Reconfigurable metasurfaces with mechanical actuations: towards flexible and tunable photonic devices
Open accessAbstract
Flexible and tunable devices have, for decades, been the subject of many research areas, including, integrated systems, flexible electronics and photonics, which are calling for advanced properties of materials. Metasurfaces with designable optical properties have now been intensively studied for flexible photonic devices. Enabled by microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and microfluidic technologies, reconfigurable metasurfaces base on mechanical actuations offer new approaches for flexible and tunable devices. In this view, we introduce metasurfaces based on MEMS actuations, droplets arrays, flexible substrates and microfluidic systems together with their applications on flexible and tunable devices.
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RIS can manipulate the radio propagation environment on demand by intelligently coordinating the amplitude and phase shifts of incident electromagnetic waves through a large number of low-cost, quasi-passive reflecting elements.
“By intelligently coordinating the amplitude and phase shifts of incident EM waves through a large number of low-cost, quasi-passive reflecting elements, RIS can manipulate the radio propagation environment on demand [21].”
From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [21]
The Introduction (page unavailable in our copy) says metasurfaces can control the phase and amplitude of incident electromagnetic waves and are built from meta-atoms. It does not establish the more specific claim that an RIS uses low-cost, quasi-passive reflecting elements to manipulate a radio propagation environment on demand. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSubstantial research has demonstrated that RIS provides unprecedented performance gains for enhancing the capacity and coverage of wireless networks in a cost-effective and energy-efficient manner.
“In past years, substantial research efforts have demonstrated the unprecedented performance gains of RIS for enhancing the capacity and coverage of wireless networks in a cost-effective and energy-efficient manner [20]-[22].”
From Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications (2026) · cites this paper as [21]
The Introduction and Section 2 discuss flexible photonic devices and tunable electromagnetic properties of metasurfaces; Section 4.1 reports RF absorption. Searches for RIS, wireless-network capacity and coverage, and cost or energy efficiency found no passage in our copy addressing the claimed network-performance gains. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications
An, J., Debbah, M., Cui, T. J., Chen, Z. N., & Yuen, C. (2026) · IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation · doi:10.1109/tap.2025.3571069 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“…can be divided into two categories based on their ability to morph their surface shape actively: 1) Passive Morphing: FIMs can be conformally deployed on curved surfaces to alter their EM properties, which show great potential in EM camouflage and stealth applications [120], [121], [122], [123].”
Emerging Technologies in Intelligent Metasurfaces: Shaping the Future of Wireless Communications
An, J., Debbah, M., Cui, T. J., Chen, Z. N., & Yuen, C. (2024) · arXiv · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“…can be divided into two categories based on their ability to morph their surface shape actively: 1) Passive Morphing: FIMs can be conformally deployed on curved surfaces to alter their EM properties, which show great potential in EM camouflage and stealth applications [120], [121], [122], [123].”
- Authors
- Guanxing, Z., Liu, Z., Deng, W., & Zhu, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Zhu, Weiming
- Venue
- Journal of Optics
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2020-12-11
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 013001
- ISSN
- 0150-536X (ISSN-L)
- 2040-8978
- 2040-8986
- OpenAlex
- W3108257266
- Cited by
- 34
- References
- 3
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 3
- FWCI
- 3.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Optics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (61801100)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials › Metamaterials and Metasurfaces Applications
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Advanced Antenna and Metasurface Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Advanced Materials and Mechanics
- Keywords
- reconfigurable metasurface, mechanical actuation, flexible photonics, tunable photonic devices, MEMS actuation, droplet arrays, microfluidics, flexible substrates, reconfigurable photonic devices
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