Flexible, foldable, actively multiplexed, high-density electrode array for mapping brain activity in vivo
Open accessAbstract
Arrays of electrodes for recording and stimulating the brain are used throughout clinical medicine and basic neuroscience research, yet are unable to sample large areas of the brain while maintaining high spatial resolution because of the need to individually wire each passive sensor at the electrode-tissue interface. To overcome this constraint, we developed new devices that integrate ultrathin and flexible silicon nanomembrane transistors into the electrode array, enabling new dense arrays of thousands of amplified and multiplexed sensors that are connected using fewer wires. We used this system to record spatial properties of cat brain activity in vivo, including sleep spindles, single-trial visual evoked responses and electrographic seizures. We found that seizures may manifest as recurrent spiral waves that propagate in the neocortex. The developments reported here herald a new generation of diagnostic and therapeutic brain-machine interface devices.
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Compared with rigid electrodes based on silicon wafers and rigid packaging, flexible electrodes are more biocompatible and can adapt to complex tissue geometries.
“Compared to commercially available rigid electrodes based on silicon wafers and rigid packaging, flexible electrodes are also more biocompatible (details described in section 2) and can adapt to the complex tissue geometries of the human body,[293–295] such as sulci in the cerebral cortex,[296,297] bundled peripheral nerves,[298] and stretching motions on the skin.[299]”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [296]
The Abstract (page not provided) says flexible, non-penetrating subdural arrays minimize irritation and injury to brain tissue compared with penetrating arrays. Electrode array fabrication and testing (page not provided) shows that this flexible device can fold to access cortical sulci. The paper does not establish a comparison with commercially available silicon-wafer electrodes and rigid packaging, or show that flexible electrodes adapt to complex tissue geometries throughout the human body. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredUltrathin film electrode arrays are a promising and widely adopted option for electrocorticography electrodes on the cortex surface, owing to high recording density in a non-penetrating fashion.
“Referring to another brain (ECoG) recording, ultrathin film electrode arrays are a promising and widely adopted option for electrodes used on the surface of the cortex, owing to its high recording density in a non-penetrating fashion.[296,343–346]”
From Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human–Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics (2022) · cites this paper as [296]
The Abstract (page not provided) describes flexible, non-penetrating subdural arrays as capable of high-resolution ECoG recording, and the fabrication section describes the paper’s ultrathin, high-resolution device. It does not establish that ultrathin, high-density arrays were widely adopted; the Abstract instead says clinically used subdural electrodes were larger and more widely spaced. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFlexible transistors can incorporate some on-site intelligence, but their level of maturity is not yet sufficient to meet the foreseen processing complexity or the strict requirements for clinical use.
“Despite the fact that some on-site intelligence can be incorporated with the use of flexible transistors (Viventi et al. 2011), the level of maturity of such technologies is not yet sufficient to meet neither the foreseen processing complexity nor the strict requirements for clinical use.”
From Realizing flexible bioelectronic medicines for accessing the peripheral nerves – technology considerations (2018) · cites this paper as Viventi et al. 2011
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- Authors
- Viventi, J., Kim, D.-H., Vigeland, L., Frechette, E. S., Blanco, J. A., Kim, Y.-S., Avrin, A. E., Tiruvadi, V. R., Hwang, S.-W., Vanleer, A. C., Wulsin, D. F., Davis, K., Gelber, C. E., Palmer, L., Van der Spiegel, J., Wu, J., Xiao, J., Huang, Y., Contreras, D., Rogers, J. A., & Litt, B.
- Affiliations
- New York University (US)
- Seoul National University (KR)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania (US)
- United States Naval Academy (US)
- University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (US)
- Tsinghua University (CN)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Rogers, John A
- Litt, Brian
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature Neuroscience
- Published
- 2011-11-13
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1599-1605
- ISSN
- 1097-6256 (ISSN-L)
- 1546-1726
- PMC
- PMC3235709
- OpenAlex
- W2105425384
- Semantic Scholar
- bbd162eb8f4aaccb5db074efe5f0e6eb421af799
- Cited by
- 1,136
- References
- 58
- Citations by year
- 2026: 46 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 56 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 96 · 2019: 94 · 2018: 97 · 2017: 103 · 2016: 88 · 2015: 89 · 2014: 78 · 2013: 73 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 24.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Nature Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information) (submittedVersion)
- Seoul National University Open Repository (Seoul National University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (DE-FG02-07ER46453, DE-FG02-07ER46471, 0328162)
- U.S. Department of Energy (DE‐FG02‐, FG02-07ER46453, DEFG0207ER46471, DEFG0207ER46453, FG02-07ER46471)
- National Institutes of Health (5r01ns048598-04, 5r01ns041811-10)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL007954)
- National Eye Institute (R01EY020765, T32EY007035)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01 NS-041811, R01-NS048598, R01 NS 48598)
- Division of Materials Research
- National Center for Research Resources (S10RR031724)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Analog and Mixed-Signal Circuit Design
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Keywords
- flexible electrode arrays, multi-electrode recording, sleep spindles, visual evoked potentials, electrographic seizures, epileptic activity, brain-computer interface, neural tissue damage
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Cats, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Electroencephalography, Electronics, Evoked Potentials, Visual, Microelectrodes, Numerical Analysis, Computer-Assisted, Photic Stimulation, Seizures, Visual Cortex, Brain Waves
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