The DOI matches its Crossref record; 48 of the 48 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
HYDROGEN GREENHOUSE PLANETS BEYOND THE HABITABLE ZONE
Open accessAbstract
We show that collision-induced absorption allows molecular hydrogen to act as an incondensible greenhouse gas and that bars or tens of bars of primordial H 2 –He mixtures can maintain surface temperatures above the freezing point of water well beyond the "classical" habitable zone defined for CO 2 greenhouse atmospheres. Using a one-dimensional radiative–convective model, we find that 40 bars of pure H 2 on a three Earth-mass planet can maintain a surface temperature of 280 K out to 1.5 AU from an early-type M dwarf star and 10 AU from a G-type star. Neglecting the effects of clouds and of gaseous absorbers besides H 2 , the flux at the surface would be sufficient for photosynthesis by cyanobacteria (in the G star case) or anoxygenic phototrophs (in the M star case). We argue that primordial atmospheres of one to several hundred bars of H 2 –He are possible and use a model of hydrogen escape to show that such atmospheres are likely to persist further than 1.5 AU from M stars, and 2 AU from G stars, assuming these planets have protecting magnetic fields. We predict that the microlensing planet OGLE-05-390Lb could have retained an H 2 –He atmosphere and be habitable at ∼2.6 AU from its host M star.
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“A 40 bar H2-He atmosphere can push the outer limit of the habitable zone out to 10 AU for a 3-Earth-mass planet around a solar-type star.”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Pierrehumbert and Gaidos (2011)
In the citing paper
“Pierrehumbert and Gaidos (2011) suggested a H2-He greenhouse habitable zone for hypothetical planets with very thick atmospheres (these atmospheres may be accreted during planet formation).”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Pierrehumbert and Gaidos (2011)
In the citing paper
“However, only the stability of surface oceans has been considered for such planets; other criteria for habitability have not yet been considered.”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Pierrehumbert and Gaidos (2011)
In the citing paper
“The low molecular weight of hydrogen makes it susceptible to loss to space when stellar charged particles and UV radiation heat the upper atmosphere, but Pierrehumbert and Gaidos (2011) suggested that thick hydrogen atmospheres may be stable on Earth-sized planets greater than 2 AU away from solar-type stars.”
From The Astrobiology Primer v2.0 (2016) · cites this paper as Pierrehumbert and Gaidos (2011)
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Metadata
- Authors
- Pierrehumbert, R., & Gaidos, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Chicago (US)
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2011-05-19
- Volume
- 734
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- L13
- ISSN
- 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
- 2041-8213
- OpenAlex
- W2096512653
- Cited by
- 295
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 32 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 12.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Space Science and Extraterrestrial Life
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Space and Planetary Science › Astro and Planetary Science
- Keywords
- molecular hydrogen, collision-induced absorption, habitable zone, exoplanet atmospheres, primordial atmosphere, M dwarfs, G-type stars, hydrogen escape, surface temperature, photosynthesis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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