FERMI BUBBLES AND BUBBLE-LIKE EMISSION FROM THE GALACTIC PLANE
Open accessAbstract
The diffuse gamma-ray sky revealed "bubbles" of emission above and below the Galactic plane, symmetric around the center of the Milky Way, with a height of 10 kpc in both directions. At present, there is no convincing explanation for the origin. To understand the role of the Galactic center, one has to study the bubble spectrum inside the disk, a region that has been excluded from previous analyses because of the large foreground. From a novel template fit, which allows a simultaneous determination of the signal and foreground in any direction, we find that bubble-like emission is not only found in the halo, but in the Galactic plane as well, with a width in latitude coinciding with the molecular clouds. The longitude distribution has a width corresponding to the Galactic bar with an additional contribution from the Scutum-Centaurus arm. The energy spectrum of the bubbles coincides with the predicted contribution from CRs trapped in sources (SCRs). Also, the energetics fits well. Hence, we conclude that the bubble-like emission has a hadronic origin that arises from SCRs, and the bubbles in the halo arise from hadronic interactions in advected gas. Evidence for advection is provided by the ROSAT X-rays of hot gas in the bubble region.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The age of the bubbles can be much lower, ≲300 Myr, if the p-p interaction occurs in denser clouds of about 0.1 cm^-3 inside the bubbles or at the contact discontinuity.
“The age of the bubbles can be much lower ( ≲ 300 Myr) if the p -p interaction occurs in denser clouds ( ∼ 0 . 1 cm -3 ), probably condensed out of the low-density medium, inside the bubbles or at the contact discontinuity (de Boer & Weber 2014; Crocker et al. 2015; Mou et al. 2015).”
From The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way (2024) · cites this paper as de Boer & Weber 2014
Cites
<i>ROSAT</i>Survey Diffuse X‐Ray Background Maps. II.
Snowden, S. L., Egger, R., Freyberg, M. J., McCammon, D., Plucinsky, P. P., Sanders, W. T., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Trumper, J., & Voges, W. (1997) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/304399 · Cited by 602 · cited 1× · see citing works
“This hot gas in the halo is inferred from the ROSAT X-ray data (Snowden et al. 1997), which was interpreted as advection of gas from the Plane with wind speeds as large as 2000 km/h (Bland-Hawthorn & Cohen 2003).”
MethodThe Large‐Scale Bipolar Wind in the Galactic Center
Bland‐Hawthorn, J., & Cohen, M. (2003) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1086/344573 · Cited by 301 · see citing works
Fermi Bubbles: Giant, Multibillion-Year-Old Reservoirs of Galactic Center Cosmic Rays
Crocker, R. M., & Aharonian, F. (2011) · Physical Review Letters · doi:10.1103/physrevlett.106.101102 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
THE FERMI BUBBLES: SUPERSONIC ACTIVE GALACTIC NUCLEUS JETS WITH ANISOTROPIC COSMIC-RAY DIFFUSION
Yang, H.-Y. K., Ruszkowski, M., Ricker, P. M., Zweibel, E., & Lee, D. (2012) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/761/2/185 · Cited by 147 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…cosmic rays (CRs) interacting with hot gas in the halo (Crocker & Aharonian 2011), to star bursts (Biermann et al. 2010), to AGN activity in our Galaxy (Guo & Mathews 2012; Guo et al. 2012; Yang et al. 2012; Cheng et al. 2011), to originating from dark matter annihilation (Dobler et al. 2011).”
BackgroundCheng, K.-S., Chernyshov, D. O., Dogiel, V. A., Ko, C.-M., & Ip, W.-H. (2011) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/2041-8205/731/1/l17 · Cited by 120 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…cosmic rays (CRs) interacting with hot gas in the halo (Crocker & Aharonian 2011), to star bursts (Biermann et al. 2010), to AGN activity in our Galaxy (Guo & Mathews 2012; Guo et al. 2012; Yang et al. 2012; Cheng et al. 2011), to originating from dark matter annihilation (Dobler et al. 2011).”
Background
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Crocker, R. M., Bicknell, G. V., Taylor, A. M., & Carretti, E. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/808/2/107 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
The Fermi/eROSITA bubbles: a look into the nuclear outflow from the Milky Way
Sarkar, K. C. (2024) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-024-00152-1 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
- Authors
- de Boer, W., & Weber, M.
- Affiliations
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE)
- ORCID
- de Boer, Wim
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2014-09-30
- Volume
- 794
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- L17
- ISSN
- 2041-8205 (ISSN-L)
- 2041-8213
- OpenAlex
- W2075161410
- Cited by
- 13
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2024: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 1.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal Letters (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (acceptedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Astrophysics and Cosmic Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Nuclear and High Energy Physics › Dark Matter and Cosmic Phenomena
- Keywords
- Fermi bubbles, diffuse gamma-ray emission, Galactic Center, molecular clouds, galactic bars, Scutum-Centaurus arm, hadronic gamma-ray emission, advection, hot gas, template fitting, foreground subtraction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
