The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Depressive Symptoms among Pregnant Women Screened in Obstetrics Settings
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to describe the prevalence of depressive symptomatology during pregnancy when seen in obstetric settings, the extent of treatment in this population, and specific risk factors associated with mood symptoms in pregnancy. METHODS: A total of 3472 pregnant women age 18 and older were screened while waiting for their prenatal care visits in 10 obstetrics clinics using a brief (10 minute) screening questionnaire. This screen measured demographics, tobacco and alcohol (TWEAK problem alcohol use screening measure), and depression measures, including the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression scale (CES-D), use of antidepressant medications, past history of depression, and current treatment (i.e., medications, psychotherapy, or counseling) for depression. RESULTS: Of women screened, 20% (n = 689) scored above the cutoff score on the CES-D, and only 13.8% of those women reported receiving any formal treatment for depression. Past history of depression, poorer overall health, greater alcohol use consequences, smoking, being unmarried, unemployment, and lower educational attainment were significantly associated with symptoms of depression during pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: These data show that a substantial number of pregnant women screened in obstetrics settings have significant symptoms of depression, and most of them are not being monitored in treatment during this vulnerable time. This information may be used to justify and streamline systematic screening for depression in clinical encounters with pregnant women as a first step in determining which women may require further treatment for their mood symptoms. As elevations in depressive symptomatology have been associated with adverse maternal and infant outcomes, further study of the impact of psychiatric treatment in gravid women is essential.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“however only about 12% to 25% of depressed women receive treatment during the postpartum period (Goodman and Tyer-Viola 2010; Horowitz and Cousins 2006; Marcus et al. 2003).”
From Perinatal Dyadic Psychotherapy for postpartum depression: a randomized controlled pilot trial (2015) · cites this paper as Marcus et al. 2003
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Moreover, even if depressed women are identified, few are treated [16].”
From The mastery lifestyle intervention to reduce biopsychosocial risks for pregnant Latinas and African Americans and their infants: protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2022) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“In the absence of systematic screening in routine prenatal care, affected women are often not identified (35–38).”
From Acceptance, experiences, and needs of hospitalized pregnant women toward an electronic mindfulness-based intervention: A pilot mixed-methods study (2022) · cites this paper as [37]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Tabachnick, B. G., & Fidell, L. S. (1983) · Cited by 79,882
Kessler, R. C. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950010008002 · Cited by 12,370
Robins, L. N. (1981) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1981.01780290015001 · Cited by 5,219
Predictors of Postpartum Depression
Beck, C. T. (2001) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/00006199-200109000-00004 · Cited by 1,960
Cohort study of depressed mood during pregnancy and after childbirth
Evans, J., Heron, J., Francomb, H., Oke, S., & Golding, J. (2001) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.323.7307.257 · Cited by 1,273
Pignone, M. P., Gaynes, B. N., Rushton, J. L., Burchell, C. M., Orleans, C. T., Mulrow, C. D., & Lohr, K. N. (2002) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-136-10-200205210-00013 · Cited by 1,086
A Prospective Study of Emotional Disorders in Childbearing Women
Kumar, R., & Robson, K. M. (1984) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.144.1.35 · Cited by 980
Measures for Clinical Practice: A Sourcebook
Corcoran, K. J., & Fischer, J. (1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 900
Use of a self-report symptom scale to detect depression in a community sample
Myers, J. K., & Weissman, M. M. (1980) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.137.9.1081 · Cited by 777
Depression and anxiety in early pregnancy and risk for preeclampsia
Kurki, T. (2000) · Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(99)00602-x · Cited by 690
Efficacy of Interpersonal Psychotherapy for Postpartum Depression
O’Hara, M. W., Stuart, S. P., Gorman, L., & Wenzel, A. E. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.11.1039 · Cited by 666
Prospective study of postpartum depression: Prevalence, course, and predictive factors.
O’Hara, M. W., Neunaber, D. J., & Zekoski, E. M. (1984) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.93.2.158 · Cited by 632
Psychosocial Disability During the Long-term Course of Unipolar Major Depressive Disorder
Judd, L. L., Akiskal, H. S., Zeller, P. J., Paulus, M., Leon, A. C., Maser, J. D., Endicott, J., Coryell, W., Kunovac, J. L., Mueller, T. I., et al. (2000) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.57.4.375 · Cited by 593
Impact of maternal postnatal depression on cognitive development of young children.
Cogill, S. R., Caplan, H. L., Alexandra, H., Robson, K. M., & Kumar, R. (1986) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.292.6529.1165 · Cited by 580
Social Support, Life Events, and Depression During Pregnancy and the Puerperium
O’Hara, M. W. (1986) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1986.01800060063008 · Cited by 573
(1996) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/ajp.153.11.1411 · Cited by 538
Development, N. I. O. C. H. &. H. (1999) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037//0012-1649.35.5.1297 · Cited by 532
Psychiatric Disorder in Pregnancy and the First Postnatal Year
Watson, J. P., Elliott, S. A., Rugg, A. J., & Brough, D. I. (1984) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.144.5.453 · Cited by 477
Cooper, P. J., & Murray, L. (1995) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.166.2.191 · Cited by 452
Prospective study of postpartum depression: Prevalence, course, and predictive factors.
O’Hara, M. W., Neunaber, D. J., & Zekoski, E. M. (1984) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/0021-843x.93.2.158 · Cited by 452
Cooper, P. J., Campbell, E. A., Day, A., Kennerley, H., & Bond, A. (1988) · British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.152.6.799 · Cited by 425
Alcohol screening questionnaires in women: a critical review.
Bradley, K., Boyd-Wickizer, J., Powell, S. H., & Burman, M. (1998) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.280.2.166 · Cited by 420
Infants of Depressed Mothers Show "Depressed" Behavior Even with Nondepressed Adults
Field, T. M., Healy, B. T., Goldstein, S., Perry, S., Bendell, D., Schanberg, S. M., Zimmerman, E. A., & Kuhn, C. (1988) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1988.tb03684.x · Cited by 419
Self-reported depression and negative pregnancy outcomes
Steer, R. A., Scholl, T. O., Hediger, M. L., & Fischer, R. L. (1992) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/0895-4356(92)90149-h · Cited by 401
Infants of Depressed Mothers Show "Depressed" Behavior Even with Nondepressed Adults
Field, T., Healy, B., Goldstein, S., Perry, S., Bendell, D., Schanberg, S., Zimmerman, E. A., & Kuhn, C. (1988) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130671 · Cited by 400
Depression during Pregnancy: Overview of Clinical Factors
Bennett, H. A., Einarson, A., Taddio, A., Koren, G., & Einarson, T. R. (2004) · Clinical Drug Investigation · doi:10.2165/00044011-200424030-00004 · Cited by 317
Prenatal maternal anxiety and depression predict negative behavioral reactivity in infancy
Davis, E. P., Snidman, N., Wadhwa, P. D., Glynn, L. M., Schetter, C. D., & Sandman, C. A. (2004) · Infancy · doi:10.1207/s15327078in0603_1 · Cited by 317
Depression in rural communities: Validating the CES-D scale
Husaini, B. A., Neff, J. A., Harrington, J. B., Hughes, M. D., & Stone, R. H. (1980) · Journal of Community Psychology · doi:10.1002/1520-6629(198001)8:1 · Cited by 284
Maternal Depressive Symptoms and the Risk of Poor Pregnancy Outcome
Orr, S. T., & Miller, C. A. (1995) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.epirev.a036172 · Cited by 281
Maternal Depressive Symptoms during Pregnancy, and Newborn Irritability
ZUCKERMAN, B. S., Bauchner, H., Parker, S. J., & Cabral, H. (1990) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/00004703-199008000-00006 · Cited by 275
The relationship of self-reported distress to depressive disorders and other psychopathology.
Fechner-Bates, S., Coyne, J. C., & Schwenk, T. L. (1994) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.62.3.550 · Cited by 273
Risk-Benefit Decision Making for Treatment of Depression During Pregnancy
Wisner, K. L., Zarin, D. A., Holmboe, E. S., Appelbaum, P. S., Gelenberg, A. J., Leonard, H. L., & Frank, E. (2000) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.12.1933 · Cited by 265
Burke, K. C. (1991) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1991.01810330013002 · Cited by 263
Changes in the health status of women during and after pregnancy
Haas, J. S., Jackson, R., Fuentes‐Afflick, E., Stewart, A. L., Dean, M. L., Brawarsky, P., & Escobar, G. J. (2005) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2004.40097.x · Cited by 250
Kelly, R. H., Zatzick, D. F., & Anders, T. F. (2001) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.158.2.213 · Cited by 250
Development of Screeners for Depressive Disorders and Substance Disorder History
ROST, K. M., Burnam, M. A., & Smith, G. R. (1993) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199303000-00001 · Cited by 234
Stress, anxiety, and birth outcomes: A critical review of the evidence.
Istvan, J. A. (1986) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.100.3.331 · Cited by 216
Antenatal depression, substance dependency and social support
Pajulo, M., Savonlahti, E., Sourander, A., Helenius, H. Y. M., & Piha, J. (2001) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(00)00265-2 · Cited by 212
Course of mood and anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
Altshuler, L. L., Hendrick, V. C., & Cohen, L. S. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 212
McKee, M. D. (2001) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/s0029-7844(01)01377-1 · Cited by 211
A Descriptive Analysis of Minor Depression
Rapaport, M. H., Judd, L. L., Schettler, P. J., Yonkers, K. A., Thase, M. E., Kupfer, D. J., Frank, E., Plewes, J. M., Tollefson, G. D., & Rush, A. J. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.4.637 · Cited by 184
Stability and change in level of maternal depressive symptomatology during the first postpartum year
Beeghly, M., Weinberg, M. K., Olson, K. L., Kernan, H., Riley, J. M., & Tronick, E. Z. (2002) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/s0165-0327(01)00409-8 · Cited by 168
The effect of anxiety and depression during pregnancy on obstetric complications
Perkin, M. R., Bland, J. M., Peacock, J. L., & ANDERSON, H. R. (1993) · BJOG An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1471-0528.1993.tb14228.x · Cited by 157
Alpern, L., & Lyons‐Ruth, K. (1993) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579400004478 · Cited by 143
Leadbeater, B. J. R., & Bishop, S. J. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00773.x · Cited by 139
Depression and smoking during pregnancy
Zhu, S., & Valbø, A. (2002) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/s0306-4603(01)00199-x · Cited by 137
Subsyndromal depressive symptoms and major depression in postpartum women.
Weinberg, M. K., Tronick, E. Z., Beeghly, M., Olson, K. L., Kernan, H., & Riley, J. M. (2001) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/0002-9432.71.1.87 · Cited by 111
Bolton, H., Hughes, P. M., Turton, P., & Sedgwick, P. M. (1998) · Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.3109/01674829809025698 · Cited by 93
Leadbeater, B. J. R., & Bishop, S. J. (1994) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1131406 · Cited by 83
The motivational correlates of drinking, smoking, and illicit drug use during pregnancy
Hanna, E. Z., Faden, V. B., & Dufour, M. C. (1994) · Journal of Substance Abuse · doi:10.1016/s0899-3289(94)90181-3 · Cited by 77
Significance of prior episodes of depression in two patient populations.
Coyne, J. C., Pepper, C. M., & Flynn, H. A. (1999) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.67.1.76 · Cited by 69
Self-citationThe clinical interface of depression and dementia.
Raskind, M. A. (1998) · PubMed · Cited by 65
Mental and Physical Distress and High-Risk Behaviors Among Reproductive-Age Women
Ahluwalia, I. B., Mack, K. A., & Mokdad, A. H. (2004) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/01.aog.0000137920.58741.26 · Cited by 54
Depression in pregnant women seeking smoking cessation treatment
Blalock, J. A., Fouladi, R. T., Wetter, D. W., & Cinciripini, P. M. (2005) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2004.12.010 · Cited by 47
Panic attack-associated placental abruption: a case report.
Cohen, L. S., Rosenbaum, J. F., & Heller, V. L. (1989) · PubMed · Cited by 37
Antepartum and postpartum depression.
Spinelli, M. G. (2001) · PubMed · Cited by 34
Depressive Symptoms among Women Screened in Obstetrics Settings
Bennett, H. A., & Einarson, T. R. (2004) · Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.1089/154099904322836528 · Cited by 12
Detectar la depresión antes, durante y después de la gestación con el perfil anímico del embarazo
Campagne, D. M. (2004) · Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecología · doi:10.1016/s0304-5013(04)75956-7 · Cited by 6
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Spinelli MG, 1998, J Gender-Specific Med, 1, 33
- Altshuler LL, 1998, J Clin Psychiatry, 59, 9
- Russell M, 1994, Alcohol World, 18, 55
- Cohen LS, 1989, J Clin Psychiatry, 50, 266
- 10.1037//0033-2909.100.3.331 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Identifying the women at risk of antenatal anxiety and depression: a systematic review
Biaggi, A., Conroy, S., Pawlby, S., & Pariante, C. M. (2016) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2015.11.014 · Cited by 1,657
Risk factors for antenatal depression, postnatal depression and parenting stress
Leigh, B., & Milgrom, J. (2008) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/1471-244x-8-24 · Cited by 888
Prenatal exposure to maternal depression and cortisol influences infant temperament
DAVIS, E. P., GLYNN, L. M., SCHETTER, C. D., HOBEL, C., CHICZ-DEMET, A., & SANDMAN, C. A. (2007) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/chi.0b013e318047b775 · Cited by 628
Prenatal depression effects on the fetus and newborn: a review
Field, T., Diego, M., & Hernandez-Reif, M. (2006) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2006.03.003 · Cited by 592
Davis, E. P., & Sandman, C. A. (2010) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01385.x · Cited by 704
Metadata
- Authors
- Marcus, S. M., Flynn, H. A., Blow, F. C., & Barry, K. L.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Women's Health
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2003-05
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 373-380
- ISSN
- 1059-7115 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-9996
- 1931-843X
- OpenAlex
- W1992853570
- Cited by
- 742
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 34 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 34 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 41 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 60 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 20.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- hdl.handle.net
- Locations
- Journal of Women s Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Maternal and Neonatal Healthcare
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Pregnancy-related medical research
- Keywords
- antenatal depression, depressive symptoms, prenatal screening, antidepressant use, treatment gap, risk factors, alcohol consumption, smoking, marital status, educational attainment, unemployment, CES-D
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Attitude to Health, Depression, Female, Humans, Mass Screening, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Prenatal Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Risk Factors, Self Concept, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Logistic Models, Women's Health, Substance-Related Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
