The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Urban-rural differences in childhood and adolescent obesity in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Abstract
Background: A systematic literature review and subsequent meta-analysis were performed to investigate differences in childhood obesity between urban and rural areas in the United States. Methods: A search of published studies comparing childhood obesity in urban and rural settings was undertaken by probing PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) for articles that met predetermined inclusion criteria. A subsequent meta-analysis was conducted to determine the combined effect size and significance of differences in childhood obesity between urban and rural areas. Results: Ten studies were identified for systematic review, five of which contributed to the meta-analysis. All but one study suggested that residence in rural areas was associated with higher prevalence or increased odds of childhood obesity, compared to children living in urban areas. A meta-analysis of 74,168 pooled participants ages 2–19 found that rural children have 26% greater odds of obesity, compared to urban children (odds ratio=1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.21–1.32). Conclusions: Obesity rates are higher among rural children than urban children in the United States. To ensure successful targeted interventions and effective resource allocation, practitioners and policy makers alike should be cognizant of this disparity in childhood obesity.
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“These differences, however, vary by sex, and race and Hispanic origin and may be changing over time.5”
From Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Trends over time in obesity prevalence among US youth by age, race and Hispanic origin, income, and education of household head have been published,1,5,13 but trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence by urbanization level have not been well studied.”
From Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Differences have also been reported by education and income.5”
From Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Trends over time in obesity prevalence among US youth by age, race and Hispanic origin, income, and education of household head have been published,1,5,13 but trends in obesity and severe obesity prevalence by urbanization level have not been well studied.”
From Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Youth living in households headed by college graduates have a lower prevalence of obesity compared with youth living in households headed by individuals with less education.”
From Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
In the citing paper
“Similarly, youth in higher- income households have a lower prevalence of obesity than youth living in households with less income.”
From Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016 (2018) · cites this paper as [5]
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“(2,3) Consumption of fruits, vegetables and whole grains is associated with lower obesity.”
BackgroundThe importance of environment: Neighborhood characteristics and parent perceptions of child health
Cronin, C. E., & Gran, B. (2018) · Journal of Child Health Care · doi:10.1177/1367493518768453 · Cited by 15
“These include poorer outcomes for cancer survivors (Weaver et al., 2013) and greater odds of childhood obesity (Johnson and Johnson, 2015).”
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“Another study provided possible explanations for our findings: Rural disadvantages may be due to high prevalence of energy-dense dietary intake, sedentary lifestyle, and physical inactivity among girls and middle school students in rural areas [5,30].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialInflammation and Physical Performance in Overweight and Obese Schoolchildren
Popescu, C., Matei, D. V., Amzolini, A. M., & Trăistaru, M. R. (2024) · Life · doi:10.3390/life14121583 · Cited by 13
Teacher Beliefs and Changes in Practice Through Professional Development
Kern, B. D., Killian, C. M., Ellison, D. W., Graber, K. C., Belansky, E. S., & Cutforth, N. J. (2020) · Journal of Teaching in Physical Education · doi:10.1123/jtpe.2019-0270 · Cited by 13
Larson, N., Loth, K. A., & Nanney, M. S. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2018.06.006 · Cited by 13
Hasnin, S., Dev, D. A., & Pitts, S. J. (2023) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.11.022 · Cited by 14
Vogeltanz-Holm, N., & Holm, J. E. (2018) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198117714825 · Cited by 11
“…have higher rates of obesity compared with urban children, even after controlling for race/ethnicity and socioeconomic levels (Davis et al., 2011; Johnson & Johnson, 2015; Liu et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2012), due in part to environmental challenges of low access to supermarkets, safe and…”
BackgroundBekelman, T. A., Bellows, L. L., McCloskey, M. L., Martin, C. K., & Johnson, S. L. (2019) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12558 · Cited by 12
“The expectations were that meals would be high in fat and sodium and low in fibre and calcium, and that plate waste would vary across food type in accordance with children's picky eating, which predictably emerges during the preschool years.22 This study focused on children from families of low income enrolled in Head…”
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“However, evidence is limited on the degree to which these or other efficacious PWMIs can be translated to, and are feasible in, other medically underserved geographic areas without adapting the interventions to the level of resources available and accessibility of multidisciplinary teams to deliver them (2,5,12).”
Taber, D. R., Chriqui, J. F., Quinn, C. M., Rimkus, L., & Chaloupka, F. J. (2016) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.08.006 · Cited by 12
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“Not reported 1 (4) 0 (0) 1 (3) 2 (25) 2 (29) 3 (27)”
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“9 This is an important issue when considering that in rural areas the prevalence of obesity is higher, 10,11 socioeconomic status is lower, access to preventive care (such as PWMIs) is limited in rural areas, 12 and 20% of the nation’s populations reside in rural areas.”
Skurka, C. (2017) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2017.1405477 · Cited by 11
“%) is significantly higher than the rate among non-HispanicWhite adults (33%; Ogden, Carroll, Kit, & Flegal, 2014), and the odds of obesity are 26% higher among children in rural areas compared to their urban counterparts (Johnson & Johnson, 2015).”
BackgroundSociodemographic Determinants of Acute Myocardial Infarction Hospitalization Risks in Florida
Odoi, E. W., Nagle, N. N., Zaretzki, R., Jordán, M., DuClos, C., & Kintziger, K. W. (2020) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.119.012712 · Cited by 12
Effects of Four-Day School Weeks on Physical Education Exposure and Childhood Obesity
Tomayko, E. J., Gunter, K. B., Schuna, J. M., & Thompson, P. N. (2020) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2019-0648 · Cited by 11
Executive Function and BMI Trajectories Among Rural, Poor Youth at High Risk for Obesity
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“, high poverty rates, low education levels) (15), residence in rural communities (16), and the high prevalence of parental overweight and obesity (65.”
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“The prevalence of obesity is higher among both low-income [30] and rural populations [31], and rural youths have 26–30% higher odds of obesity than urban youths, even after controlling for sociodemographic factors, health, diet, and exercise behaviors [31,32].”
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“Predictor variables were tested for multicollinearity and no multicollinearity was indicated (Keith, 2006).”
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Beynon, C., Pashayan, N., Fisher, E., Hargreaves, D. S., Bailey, L., & Raine, R. (2020) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980020001913 · Cited by 10
“As with any emerging field, there is no agreed methodology for determining access to fast food or open space: measures include distance to home, distance to school, number in a radius from home or school, density and ratio of fast food outlets to supermarkets(34,35,46,47).”
BackgroundUrban–Rural Disparities in Food Insecurity and Weight Status among Children in the United States
Dave, J. M., Chen, T. A., Castro, A. N., White, M. A., Onugha, E. A., Zimmerman, S., & Thompson, D. I. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16132132 · Cited by 10
“A meta-analysis of 10 studies found that children in rural areas had a 26% greater risk of obesity than urban children [3].”
MethodObesogenic Behaviors of Rural Children on School and Nonschool Days
Brazendale, K., Rayan, S., Eisenstein, D., Blankenship, M. J., Rey, A., Garcia, J. M., Odahowski, C. L., & León, A. M. (2021) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2021.0084 · Cited by 12
“3,4 Tackling childhood obesity requires careful consideration of biological, behavioral, and environmental factors, 5,6 with the majority of prevention efforts targeting behavior at the individual level.”
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“(1) semi-structured interviews with storeowners; (2) monthly financial reporting and activity forms; (3) endof-programme evaluations; (4) health indices of the Healthy Food Supply (HFS) scores and (5) Healthy Eating Index (HEI-2010) estimates for seven of the eight stores.”
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“have 28% greater odds of being obese than their urban peers (Johnson and Johnson, 2015).”
Novick, M. B., Wilson, C. T., & Walker-Harding, L. R. (2019) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibz030 · Cited by 10
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“Using strategies that are both feasible and acceptable has greater potential to decrease observed rural disparities without overburdening school food professionals (Davis et al., 2011; Johnson & Johnson, 2015; Larson et al., 2009).”
Hamilton, W. N., & Tarasenko, Y. N. (2019) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12382 · Cited by 9
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Robatsch, J., Voitl, P., & Diesner, S. C. (2021) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-021-02972-x · Cited by 9
“26 higher odds of obesity for 2-19-year-olds compared to urban children [35].”
BackgroundA Review of the Relationship between Obesity and Food Insecurity
Alimoradi, M., Ajami, M., Abdollahi, M., & Ahari, G. K. (2016) · International Journal of Medical Reviews · Cited by 9
SanGiovanni, C., McElligott, J. T., Morella, K., & Basco, W. T. (2017) · Southern Medical Journal · doi:10.14423/smj.0000000000000672 · Cited by 9
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“1,2,14 We found that children with obesity were more likely to undergo tonsillectomy/ade-noidectomy compared with their peers with healthy weight and those with excess weight.”
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“Previous studies (Erdei et al., 2018; Gomes et al., 2010; Johnson & Johnson, 2015; Muthuri et al., 2014) have shown that the prevalence of childhood overweight and obesity differ between rural and urban dwellers.”
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“Studies have shown that NT children living in rural areas are at increased risk of overweight and obesity compared with their urban-dwelling counterparts (Johnson & Johnson, 2015).”
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Heelan, K. A., Abbey, B. M., Bartee, R. T., Estabrooks, P. A., Malmkar, A., Jacobs, T. G., & Hill, J. L. (2021) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2021.0171 · Cited by 8
Urbanization and Child Development
Sen, U., & Gredebäck, G. (2024) · Human Development · doi:10.1159/000541773 · Cited by 14
“…poor mental health (e.g., depression, anxiety, and substance use) (van der Wal et al., 2021), inequality (Friedmann & Wolff, 1982; Wilkinson & Pickett, 2007), obesity (Johnson & Johnson, 2015), and other health problems (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, lung cancer, and asthma) (Kuddus et al., 2020).”
Green, H. L., & García, L. I. (2025) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/13591053251336605 · Cited by 7
“Since rural populations tend to be at significantly higher risk for obesity (e.g. Johnson and Johnson, 2015; Quan et al., 2022) – the BMI finding in the current study suggests that implementing intuitive eating interventions may offer a sustainable, weight-neutral approach to promoting long-term…”
Meendering, J. R., McCormack, L. A., Moore, L., & Stluka, S. (2023) · Health Promotion Practice · doi:10.1177/15248399221144976 · Cited by 7
“There is a disparity in obesity prevalence between rural and urban populations, with both adults (Hales et al., 2018; Lundeen et al., 2018; Wen et al., 2018) and children (Johnson & Johnson, 2015) experiencing significantly more obesity in rural areas than urban.”
Li, X., Lu, Z., Liu, T., & Sun, Y. L. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18607-6 · Cited by 7
“A study found that the overweight was more prevalent in urban middle schools [55], while another study found that children in rural areas were 26% more likely to be obese compared to children in urban areas [56].”
BackgroundOverweight and obesity among children in rural areas: The importance of culture
Heggem, R., & Zahl‐Thanem, A. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1177/14034948211037877 · Cited by 7
Prevalence of overweight and obesity among school children and parents: a cross-sectional study
Arslan, A., Dündar, & Terzi, Ö. (2021) · Rural and Remote Health · doi:10.22605/rrh6773 · Cited by 7
Jacobs, J., Strugnell, C., Becker, D., Whelan, J., Hayward, J., Nichols, M. S., Brown, A. D., Brown, V., Allender, S. E., Bell, C., et al. (2023) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980023000198 · Cited by 7
Barbour, Z., Mojica, C. M., Alvarez, H. O., & Foster, B. A. (2024) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2023.0193 · Cited by 6
“Living in a rural area, compared with a suburban or urban area, is associated with an increased risk of childhood obesity 22 for postulated structural reasons.”
Middle School Students’ Perceptions of the Lunchroom: Implications for Future Interventions
Askelson, N. M., Ryan, G. W., Brady, P., Meier, C. L., Delger, P. J., & Scheidel, C. A. (2020) · The Journal of School Nursing · doi:10.1177/1059840520928504 · Cited by 6
Assessment of Diet Quality in Children and Adolescents with Overweight or Obesity in Greece
Androutsos, O., Tsiampalis, T., Kouvari, M., Manou, M., Dimopoulou, M., Georgiou, A., Kosti, R. I., & Charmandari, E. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10071261 · Cited by 6
“A recent meta-analysis with 10 studies from the United States found that in a pooled population of >74,000 children and adolescents, rural residents had a close to 30% higher obesity risk compared with their urban counterparts [39].”
BackgroundLópez‐Gil, J. F., Chen, S., López‐Bueno, R., Gutiérrez‐Espinoza, H., Duarte, M. A. D. S., Galan‐Lopez, P., Palma-Gámiz, J. L., & Smith, L. (2024) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-024-03342-w · Cited by 6
Askelson, N. M., Brady, P., Ryan, G. W., Scheidel, C. A., Delger, P. J., Nguyen‐Hoang, P., & Jung, Y. S. (2020) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyaa036 · Cited by 6
Bryl, E., Hanć, T., Szcześniewska, P., Dutkiewicz, A., Dmitrzak‐Węglarz, M., & Słopień, A. (2022) · Eating and Weight Disorders - Studies on Anorexia Bulimia and Obesity · doi:10.1007/s40519-022-01416-4 · Cited by 5
Horning, M. L., Friend, S. E., FREESE, R. L., Barr‐Anderson, D. J., Linde, J. A., Sidebottom, A. C., Sommerness, S. A., & Fulkerson, J. A. (2022) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2022.10.009 · Cited by 7
School-based obesity prevention programs in rural communities: a scoping review
Lim, C. S., Robinson, J. C., Hinton, E. G., Gordy, X. Z., Gamble, A., Compretta, C., Holmes, M. E., & Ravola, M. (2022) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-21-00233 · Cited by 6
“…has been identified as a risk factor for over-weight (ie, body mass index [BMI] greater than or equal to the 85 th percentile for age and sex) and obesity (ie, BMI greater than or equal to the 95 th percentile for age and sex) in adults and children, 15-18 even after adjusting for poverty.”
BackgroundWeight management in rural health clinics: The Midwest diet and exercise trial
Gorczyca, A. M., Washburn, R. A., Ptomey, L. T., Mayo, M. S., Sullivan, D. K., Gibson, C., Lee, R. H., Stolte, S. E., & Donnelly, J. E. (2018) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2018.02.006 · Cited by 6
Changes in healthy behaviour knowledge of rural pupils
Lorenz, K. A., Stylianou, M., & Kulinna, P. H. (2019) · European Physical Education Review · doi:10.1177/1356336x19867732 · Cited by 6
Matsuzaki, M., Sánchez, B. N., Acosta, M. E., & Sanchez‐Vaznaugh, E. V. (2021) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2021.0025 · Cited by 6
“The high prevalence in urban areas seen in this study is consistent with a prior cross-sectional study that used California Fitnessgram data in 2010–2011,(44) but is in contrast to a previous meta-analysis of US studies, which suggested higher childhood obesity in rural than urban areas.(4) The differences in findings…”
BackgroundResultThe Impact of Structured versus Less-Structured Days on Weight-Related Behaviors in Rural Children
Brazendale, K., & León, A. M. (2021) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2021.2009409 · Cited by 6
Objectively measured pediatric obesity prevalence using the OneFlorida Clinical Research Consortium
Lemas, D. J., Cardel, M. I., Filipp, S. L., Hall, J., Essner, R. Z., Smith, S. R., Nadglowski, J. F., Donahoo, W. T., Cooper‐DeHoff, R. M., Nelson, D. R., et al. (2018) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2018.10.002 · Cited by 6
Research note: Development of a comprehensive plan scorecard for healthy, active rural communities
Charron, L., Joyner, H. R., LaGro, J., & Walker, J. G. (2019) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.05.013 · Cited by 6
KOABAR, M. S. S. A. A. S. M., & SHEHAB, M. D. S. A. S. S. A.-D. (2018) · The Medical Journal of Cairo University/The Medical Journal of Cairo University · doi:10.21608/mjcu.2018.56748 · Cited by 6
Agreement between parent-report and EMR height, weight, and BMI among rural children
Potts, B. A., Wood, G. C., & Bailey-Davis, L. D. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1279931 · Cited by 5
“Specifically, children in rural areas face higher odds of developing obesity than those in urban areas (6–8).”
BackgroundAlves, T. F., Santos, N. B., Squarcini, C. F. R., Marta, F. E. F., Eisenhauer, C. M., Almeida, F. A., & Brito, F. (2025) · Journal of Primary Care & Community Health · doi:10.1177/21501319251338544 · Cited by 5
Stanhope, K. K., Bettermann, E. L., Stevenson, E. C. H., Julius, S. D., Kafi, A., Kay, C. M., & Gazmararian, J. A. (2018) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2018.0088 · Cited by 5
“14,26,27 More evidence is needed on how multicomponent interventions can be effectively implemented across diverse populations (low-income, urban/rural), and what support is needed for centers to make systems-level changes.”
Off the Charts: Identifying and Visualizing Body Mass Index Trajectories of Rural, Poor Youth
Rollins, B. Y., & Francis, L. A. (2020) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2020.09.007 · Cited by 5
“6% have severe obesity (3); higher rates are reported among minority and rural youth (2, 4).”
BackgroundLatent Profiles of Health Behaviors in Rural Children with Overweight and Obesity
Mitchell, T. B., Janicke, D. M., Ding, K., Moorman, E. L., Basch, M. C., Lim, C. S., & Mathews, A. (2020) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsaa071 · Cited by 5
“Nationally, 16.6% of children have overweight and 18.5% have obesity (Fryar et al., 2018), with higher prevalence in rural areas (Johnson & Johnson, 2015).”
BackgroundInfluentialDifferences in child physical activity levels at rural Play Streets due to activity type and sex
Prochnow, T. M., Meyer, M. R. U., Hamilton, C. N. B., & Porter, K. M. P. (2020) · Journal of Healthy Eating and Active Living · doi:10.51250/jheal.v1i1.5 · Cited by 5
“A meta-analysis indicated that odds of obesity are 26% higher for rural children compared to urban children (Johnson & Johnson, 2015).”
The impact of COVID-19 on rural treatment-seeking families with children with overweight or obesity
Forseth, B. M., Dean, K. M., Murray, M., Killian, H. J., Bakula, D. M., Romine, R. S., Fleming, K., Befort, C. A., England, K., Bhagat, R., et al. (2022) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2022.2041419 · Cited by 5
“These families have higher prevalence rates of overweight/obesity and a higher likelihood of having mental health problems (e.g., more symptoms of depression, higher levels of stress and anxiety) (Daniels, 2009; Johnson & Johnson, 2015l Robinson et al., 2017).”
BackgroundFrancis, L. A., Rollins, B. Y., & Lozinski, R. H. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106354 · Cited by 5
Vinueza, A. M. Z., & Jaramillo, A. P. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.48525 · Cited by 5
Zhang, E., Davis, A. M., Jimenez, E. Y., Lancaster, B. D., Gonzalez, M. S., Chang, D., Lee, J., Lai, J., Pyles, L. A., VanWagoner, T. M., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50790-1 · Cited by 5
Snyder, K., Rida, Z., Hulse, E., Dev, D. A., & Dinkel, D. M. (2019) · Cogent Social Sciences · doi:10.1080/23311886.2019.1650412 · Cited by 5
“In addition, children in rural areas are more likely to be classified more obese than children in urban areas and issues such as limited food access and lack of outdoor play area may contribute to these disparities (Johnson & Johnson, 2015; Larson et al., 2017).”
BackgroundThe Costs and Benefits of Regionalized Care for Children
Leyenaar, J. K., & Kozhimannil, K. B. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-0082 · Cited by 5
Silver, I. A., Kelsay, J. D., & Lonergan, H. (2022) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2022.2053003 · Cited by 5
You, W., & Henneberg, M. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-19633-3 · Cited by 11
Budd, E. L., Franz, D. J., Kelly, N. R., & Giuliani, N. R. (2020) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2020.02.004 · Cited by 5
Maccarini, B., Loperfido, F., Bianco, I., Sottotetti, F., Masri, D. E., Ferrara, C., Verme, F., Cangelosi, E., Meriggi, N., Filippo, C. D., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2025.1597746 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Johnson, J. A., & Johnson, A. M.
- Affiliations
- Rollins College (US)
- Stetson University (US)
- Venue
- Childhood Obesity
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2015-04-30
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 233-241
- ISSN
- 2153-2168 (ISSN-L)
- 2153-2176
- OpenAlex
- W1948287158
- Cited by
- 360
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 3.84
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Childhood Obesity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- adolescent obesity, urban-rural disparities, rural children, obesity prevalence, health disparities, rural health
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Child, Diet, Humans, Nutrition Surveys, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Urban Population, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Odds Ratio, Pediatric Obesity
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