Cited by 360Obesity, Physical Activity, DietObesity and Health PracticesNutrition, Health and Food Behavior

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 33 of the 33 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Urban-rural differences in childhood and adolescent obesity in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Johnson, James Allen, Johnson, Asal Mohamadi·2015·Childhood Obesity

DOI 10.1089/chi.2014.0085

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Background: A systematic literature review and subsequent meta-analysis were performed to investigate differences in childhood obesity between urban and rural areas in the United States. Methods: A search of published studies comparing childhood obesity in urban and rural settings was undertaken by probing PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) for articles that met predetermined inclusion criteria. A subsequent meta-analysis was conducted to determine the combined effect size and significance of differences in childhood obesity between urban and rural areas. Results: Ten studies were identified for systematic review, five of which contributed to the meta-analysis. All but one study suggested that residence in rural areas was associated with higher prevalence or increased odds of childhood obesity, compared to children living in urban areas. A meta-analysis of 74,168 pooled participants ages 2–19 found that rural children have 26% greater odds of obesity, compared to urban children (odds ratio=1.26; 95% confidence interval, 1.21–1.32). Conclusions: Obesity rates are higher among rural children than urban children in the United States. To ensure successful targeted interventions and effective resource allocation, practitioners and policy makers alike should be cognizant of this disparity in childhood obesity.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1089/chi.2014.0085

Cites

33 of 33 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Prevalence of obesity and trends in body mass index among US children and adolescents, 1999-2010.
Ogden, C., Carroll, M., Kit, B., & Flegal, K. (2012) · Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) · doi:10.1001/jama.2012.40 · Cited by 4,128
The Obesity Epidemic in the United States Gender, Age, Socioeconomic, Racial/Ethnic, and Geographic Characteristics: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis
Wang, Y., & Beydoun, M. A. (2007) · Epidemiologic Reviews · doi:10.1093/epirev/mxm007 · Cited by 2,854
Health Consequences of Obesity in Youth: Childhood Predictors of Adult Disease
Dietz, W. H. (1998) · Pediatrics · doi:10.1542/peds.101.s2.518 · Cited by 2,700
Tracking of childhood overweight into adulthood: a systematic review of the literature
Singh, A. S., Mulder, C., Twisk, J. W. R., van Mechelen, W., & Chinapaw, M. J. M. (2008) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/j.1467-789x.2008.00475.x · Cited by 2,495
Preventing Childhood Obesity: Health in the Balance
Koplan, J. P., Liverman, C. T., & Kraak, V. A. (2005) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e407782005-001 · Cited by 1,717
The medical care costs of obesity: An instrumental variables approach
Cawley, J., & Meyerhoefer, C. D. (2011) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/j.jhealeco.2011.10.003 · Cited by 1,517
Childhood obesity
Han, J. C., Lawlor, D. A., & Kimm, S. Y. S. (2010) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(10)60171-7 · Cited by 1,401
Assessment of Child and Adolescent Overweight and Obesity
Krebs, N. F., Himes, J. H., Jacobson, D. M., Nicklas, T. A., Guilday, P., & Styne, D. M. (2007) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2007-2329d · Cited by 1,007
Rural Definitions for Health Policy and Research
Hart, L. G., Larson, E. H., & Lishner, D. M. (2005) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2004.042432 · Cited by 968
Accuracy of Teen and Parental Reports of Obesity and Body Mass Index
Goodman, E., Hinden, B. R., & Khandelwal, S. (2000) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.106.1.52 · Cited by 724

Flagged first, then by citations

Show all 33 references

Research works printed but not linked: 11

National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States 2006: With chartbook on trends in the health of Americans. 2007 Nov; DHHS Pub No. 2006-1232:1–543.
Gauthier BM, , Hickner JM, , Noel MM. High prevalence of overweight children in Michigan primary care practices: An UPRNet study. J Fam Pract, 2000; 49:73–76.
Neal WA, , Demerath E, , Gonzales E, et al. Coronary artery risk detection in Appalachian communities (CARDIAC): Preliminary findings. W V Med J, 2000; 97:102–105.
Kuczmarski RJ, , Ogden CL, , Guo SS, et al. 2000 CDC growth charts for the United States: Methods and development. Vital Health Stat, 11 2002; 246:1–190.
Office of Management and Budget. Final report and recommendations from the metropolitan area standards review committee to the office of management and budget concerning changes to the standards for defining metropolitan areas. Federal Register, 2000; 65:51059–51077.
Office of Management and Budget. Standards for delineating metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas. Federal Register, 2010; 75:37246–37252.
Bureau of the Census. Geographic Areas Reference Manual. US Department of Commerce: Washington, DC, 1994.
Ingram DD, , Franco S. NCHS urban-rural classification scheme for counties. Vital Health Stat, 2 2012; 154:1–65.
10.1089/chi.2011.0090 · DOI
Blumberg SJ, , Olson L, , Frankel MR, et al. Design and operation of the National Survey of Children's Health, 2003. Vital Health Stat, 1 2005; 43:1–131.
Zipf G, , Chiappa M, , Porter KS, et al. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: Plan and operations, 1999–2010. Vital Health Stat, 1 2013; 56:1–37.

Sorted by citations

2024 Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics: A Report of US and Global Data From the American Heart Association
Martin, S. S., Aday, A. W., Almarzooq, Z. I., Anderson, C. A. M., Arora, P., Avery, C. L., Baker-Smith, C. M., Barone Gibbs, B., Beaton, A. Z., Boehme, A. K., et al. (2024) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000001209 · Cited by 2,800
Differences in Obesity Prevalence by Demographics and Urbanization in US Children and Adolescents, 2013-2016
Ogden, C. L., Fryar, C. D., Hales, C. M., Carroll, M. D., Aoki, Y., & Freedman, D. S. (2018) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2018.5158 · Cited by 459
“A review of the literature, including 2 studies using NHANES data from 1999-2006 and 2003-2006, reported that obesity prevalence was higher among rural children than among children living in urban areas, and this difference was larger among older children compared with younger children.(6) The current results did not…”
Call to Action: Rural Health: A Presidential Advisory From the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association
Harrington, R. A., Califf, R. M., Balamurugan, A., Brown, N., Benjamin, R. M., Braund, W. E., Hipp, J. S., Konig, M., Sánchez, E., & Maddox, K. E. J. (2020) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000753 · Cited by 393
Making the Case for Investment in Rural Cancer Control: An Analysis of Rural Cancer Incidence, Mortality, and Funding Trends
Blake, K. D., Moss, J. L., Gaysynsky, A., Srinivasan, S., & Croyle, R. T. (2017) · Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention · doi:10.1158/1055-9965.epi-17-0092 · Cited by 390
National-level and state-level prevalence of overweight and obesity among children, adolescents, and adults in the USA, 1990–2021, and forecasts up to 2050
Ng, M., Dai, X., Cogen, R. M., Abdelmasseh, M., Abdollahi, A., Abdullahi, A., Aboagye, R. G., Abukhadijah, H. J., Adeyeoluwa, T. E., Afolabi, A. A., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01548-4 · Cited by 407
Sleep and dietary habits in the urban environment: the role of chrono-nutrition
Pot, G. K. (2017) · Proceedings of The Nutrition Society · doi:10.1017/s0029665117003974 · Cited by 212
Performance Analysis of Boosting Classifiers in Recognizing Activities of Daily Living
Rahman, S., Irfan, M., Raza, M., Ghori, K. M., Yaqoob, S., & Awais, M. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17031082 · Cited by 119
“Obesity is one of the major causes of death in the USA [6,7].”
Background
Health and Poverty of Rural Children: An Under-Researched and Under-Resourced Vulnerable Population
Bettenhausen, J. L., Winterer, C. M., & Colvin, J. D. (2021) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.08.001 · Cited by 95
Diet and Physical Activity in Rural vs Urban Children and Adolescents in the United States: A Narrative Review.
McCormack, L., & Meendering, J. (2016) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2015.10.024 · Cited by 83
Time Trends and Sociodemographic Factors Associated With Overweight and Obesity in Children and Adolescents in Spain
de Bont, J., Díaz, Y., Casas, M., García-Gil, M., Vrijheid, M., & Duarte‐Salles, T. (2020) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.1171 · Cited by 98
Rural–Urban Differences in Overweight and Obesity, Physical Activity, and Food Security Among Children and Adolescents
Crouch, E. L., Abshire, D. A., Wirth, M. D., Hung, P., & Benavidez, G. A. (2023) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd20.230136 · Cited by 80
Social Network Analysis in Child and Adolescent Physical Activity Research: A Systematic Literature Review
Prochnow, T. M., Delgado, H., Patterson, M. S., & Meyer, M. R. U. (2020) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2019-0350 · Cited by 75
What factors may contribute to sex differences in childhood obesity prevalence in China?
Wang, V. H., Min, J., Xue, H., Du, S., Xu, F., Wang, H., & Wang, Y. (2018) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980018000290 · Cited by 78
“While rural areas in developed countries are more likely to have OW/OB children than urban areas((32,33)), China and other developing Asian countries have higher childhood OW/OB rate in urban areas along with rapid urbanization((34,35)).”
Background
Association of neighborhood parks with child health in the United States
Reuben, A., Rutherford, G. W., James, J. H., & Razani, N. (2020) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2020.106265 · Cited by 73
“White, non-Hispanic families living outside of an MPC were more likely to lack parks than other ethnicities; however, among those in urban areas, African Americans were more likely than white, non-Hispanic families to lack parks (Table 3a).”
Background
Pediatric Hospitalizations at Rural and Urban Teaching and Nonteaching Hospitals in the US, 2009-2019
Leyenaar, J. K., Freyleue, S. D., Arakelyan, M., Goodman, D. C., & O’Malley, A. J. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.31807 · Cited by 65
“7%) in 2019, with annual median (IQR) volumes decreasing from 50 (15-143) to 17 (5-44) hospitalizations.”
Background
Geographical variation and urban-rural disparity of overweight and obesity in Chinese school-aged children between 2010 and 2014: two successive national cross-sectional surveys
Dong, Y., Ma, Y., Dong, B., Zou, Z., Hu, P., Wang, Z., Yang, Y., Song, Y., & Ma, J. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025559 · Cited by 62
Overweight and Underweight Prevalence Trends in Children from Romania - Pooled Analysis of Cross-Sectional Studies between 2006 and 2015
Chiriță-Emandi, A., Barbu, C. G., Cinteză, E. E., Chesaru, B. I., Gafencu, M., Mocanu, V., Pascanu, I. M., Tatar, S. A., Bălgrădean, M., Dobre, M., et al. (2016) · Obesity Facts · doi:10.1159/000444173 · Cited by 56
Association between Spatial Access to Food Outlets, Frequency of Grocery Shopping, and Objectively-Assessed and Self-Reported Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
McGuirt, J. T., Pitts, S. J., & Gustafson, A. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10121974 · Cited by 56
Rural–Urban Differences in Baseline Dietary Intake and Physical Activity Levels of Adolescents
Euler, R., Jimenez, E. Y., Sanders, S. G., Kuhlemeier, A., Horn, M. L. V., Cohen, D., Gonzales‐Pacheco, D., & Kong, A. S. (2018) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd16.180200 · Cited by 54
Rural‐urban and racial/ethnic trends and disparities in early‐onset and average‐onset colorectal cancer
Zahnd, W. E., Gomez, S. L., Steck, S. E., Brown, M. J., Ganai, S., Zhang, J., Adams, S. A., Berger, F. G., & Eberth, J. M. (2020) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.33256 · Cited by 49
“Studies have indicated that rural populations have higher prevalence rates of some adverse childhood experiences and childhood obesity.(27,28) However, caution should be taken in attributing any potential EOCRC-specific risk factors to these higher rates.”
Background
Food Insecurity and Rural Adolescent Personal Health, Home, and Academic Environments
Shanafelt, A., Hearst, M. O., Wang, Q., & Nanney, M. S. (2016) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12397 · Cited by 48
“06 Breakfast benefits scale (7-28), mean (SD) 19.”
Background
Cancer disparities in the context of rurality: risk factors and screening across various U.S. rural classification codes
Hirko, K. A., Xu, H., Rogers, L. Q., Martin, M. Y., Roy, S., Kelly, K. M., Christy, S. M., Ashing, K. T., Yi, J. C., Lewis‐Thames, M. W., et al. (2022) · Cancer Causes & Control · doi:10.1007/s10552-022-01599-2 · Cited by 47
The longitudinal relationship between community programmes and policies to prevent childhood obesity and BMI in children: the Healthy Communities Study
Strauss, W. J., Nagaraja, J., Landgraf, A. J., Arteaga, S. S., Fawcett, S. B., Ritchie, L. D., John, L. V., Gregoriou, M., Frongillo, E. A., Loria, C. M., et al. (2018) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12266 · Cited by 45
“In the context of other research, identifying reasons for differences in BMI/CPP relationships by urbanicity also merits further study (33).”
Background
Associations of Prenatal Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance (PFAS) Exposures with Offspring Adiposity and Body Composition at 16–20 Years of Age: Project Viva
Zhang, M., Rifas-Shiman, S. L., Aris, I. M., Fleisch, A. F., Lin, P.-I. D., Nichols, A. R., Oken, E., & Hivert, M.-F. (2023) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp12597 · Cited by 45
School‐based physical activity interventions in rural and urban/suburban communities: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Pfledderer, C. D., Burns, R. D., Byun, W., Carson, R. L., Welk, G. J., & Brusseau, T. A. (2021) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.13265 · Cited by 44
“Providing information on the urban–rural context is important because significant PA and health disparities exist between youth in urban and rural settings.(4,9) In addition to these disparities, studies have shown that unique barriers to PA exist specifically within rural communities.”
Background
Effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy on nutrition improvement and weight of overweight and obese adolescents: A randomized controlled trial
Miri, S. F., Javadi, M., Lin, C., Griffiths, M. D., Björk, M., & Pakpour, A. H. (2019) · Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.dsx.2019.05.010 · Cited by 49
“It is also associated with early death in adulthood [10].”
Background
Growing Up in Rural America
Clark, S., Harper, S. B., & Weber, B. A. (2022) · RSF The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences · doi:10.7758/rsf.2022.8.3.01 · Cited by 55
The State of the Summer: a Review of Child Summer Weight Gain and Efforts to Prevent It
Tanskey, L. A., Goldberg, J., Chui, K., Must, A., & Sacheck, J. (2018) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-018-0305-z · Cited by 43
Best Practices and Innovative Solutions to Overcome Barriers to Delivering Policy, Systems and Environmental Changes in Rural Communities
Haynes‐Maslow, L., Osborne, I., & Pitts, S. J. (2018) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu10081012 · Cited by 42
Herbs and spices increase liking and preference for vegetables among rural high school students
Fritts, J. R., Fort, C., Corr, A. Q., Liang, Q., Alla, L., Cravener, T. L., Hayes, J. E., Rolls, B. J., D’Adamo, C. R., & Keller, K. (2018) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2018.02.013 · Cited by 41
Development and Feasibility of a Childhood Obesity Prevention Program for Rural Families: Application of the Social Cognitive Theory
Knol, L. L., Myers, H. H., Black, S., Robinson, D., Awololo, Y., Clark, D., Parker, C. L., Douglas, J. W., & Higginbotham, J. C. (2016) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2016.1179607 · Cited by 39
“adolescents living in rural areas also have significantly higher rates of obesity than their urban counterparts.(8,9)”
Background
Childhood Overweight and Obesity and Associated Factors in Iranian Children and Adolescents: A Multilevel Analysis; the CASPIAN-IV Study
Khashayar, P., Kasaeian, A., Heshmat, R., Motlagh, M. E., Gorabi, A. M., Noroozi, M., Qorbani, M., & Kelishadi, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2018.00393 · Cited by 39
The role of socio-economic factors in food consumption of Portuguese children and adolescents: results from the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2015–2016
Vilela, S., Muresan, I., Correia, D. M., Severo, M., & Lopes, C. M. M. (2020) · British Journal Of Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s0007114520001373 · Cited by 37
“A meta-analysis including US participants aged 2–19 years described that rural children have 26 % greater odds of obesity, compared with urban children(42).”
Background
Neighborhood characteristics, food deserts, rurality, and type 2 diabetes in youth: Findings from a case-control study
Liese, A. D., Lamichhane, A. P., Garzia, S. C. A., Puett, R. C., Porter, D. E., Dabelea, D., D’Agostino, R. B., Standiford, D. A., & Liu, L. L. (2018) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2018.01.004 · Cited by 36
Associations between green area in school neighbourhoods and overweight and obesity among Norwegian adolescents
Wilhelmsen, C. K., Skalleberg, K., Raanaas, R. K., Tveite, H., & Aamodt, G. (2017) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.05.020 · Cited by 35
Rural–urban differences in body mass index and obesity-related behaviors among low-income preschoolers
Contreras, D. A., Martoccio, T. L., Brophy‐Herb, H. E., Horodynski, M. A. O., Peterson, K. E., Miller, A. L., Senehi, N., Sturza, J. S., Kaciroti, N., & Lumeng, J. C. (2020) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdaa162 · Cited by 34
Project BreakFAST: Rationale, design, and recruitment and enrollment methods of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate an intervention to improve school breakfast program participation in rural high schools
Nanney, M. S., Shanafelt, A., Wang, Q., Leduc, R. E., Dodds, E., Hearst, M. O., Kubik, M., Grannon, K. Y., & Harnack, L. (2016) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2015.12.009 · Cited by 35
Exploring Links Between Industrialization, Urbanization, and Chinese Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Cui, G., Liu, H., Xu, G., Laugsand, J.-B., & Pang, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.757025 · Cited by 34
Direct Effects of the Home, School, and Consumer Food Environments on the Association between Food Purchasing Patterns and Dietary Intake among Rural Adolescents in Kentucky and North Carolina, 2017
Gustafson, A., Pitts, S. J., McDonald, J., Ford, H., Connelly, P. M., Gillespie, R., Liu, E., Bush, H., Brancato, C. J., Babatande, T., et al. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14101255 · Cited by 32
Modified ground-truthing: an accurate and cost-effective food environment validation method for town and rural areas
Caspi, C. E., & Friebur, R. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0360-3 · Cited by 32
Trends in overweight and obesity among rural children and adolescents from 1985 to 2014 in Shandong, China
Zhang, Y.-X., Wang, Z.-X., Zhao, J.-S., & Chu, Z.-H. (2016) · European Journal of Preventive Cardiology · doi:10.1177/2047487316643830 · Cited by 32
A possible dose–response association between distance to farmers’ markets and roadside produce stands, frequency of shopping, fruit and vegetable consumption, and body mass index among customers in the Southern United States
Pitts, S. J., Hinkley, J., Wu, Q., McGuirt, J. T., Lyonnais, M. J., Rafferty, A. P., Whitt, O. R., Winterbauer, N. L., & Phillips, L. (2017) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3943-7 · Cited by 33
“Background In the United States, there is greater obesity among rural versus urban populations [1, 2].”
Background
Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Children and Adolescents in Shandong, China: Urban–Rural Disparity
Zhang, Y.-X., Wang, Z.-X., Zhao, J.-S., & Chu, Z.-H. (2016) · Journal of Tropical Pediatrics · doi:10.1093/tropej/fmw011 · Cited by 31
Bariatric surgery in the treatment of adolescent obesity: current perspectives in the United States
Malhotra, S., Czepiel, K. S., Akam, E. Y., Shaw, A. Y., Sivasubramanian, R., Seetharaman, S., & Stanford, F. C. (2021) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2021.1914585 · Cited by 31
Secular trend and projection of overweight and obesity among Chinese children and adolescents aged 7–18 years from 1985 to 2019: Rural areas are becoming the focus of investment
Dang, J., Liu, Y., Cai, S., Zhong, P., Shi, D., Chen, Z., Zhang, Y., Dong, Y., Ma, J., & Song, Y. (2024) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000003123 · Cited by 28
Associations between Walkability and Youth Obesity: Differences by Urbanicity
Stowe, E. W., Hughey, S. M., Hallum, S. H., & Kaczynski, A. T. (2019) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2019.0063 · Cited by 28
“11,13,14 Level of urbanicity may impact childhood obesity, as components of the built environment, such as walkability, inherently vary by context.”
The Family Home Environment, Food Insecurity, and Body Mass Index in Rural Children
Jackson, J. A., Smit, E., Branscum, A. J., Gunter, K. B., Harvey, M., Manore, M. M., & John, D. H. (2017) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198116684757 · Cited by 31
Geographic Disparities in Treatment for Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Zablotsky, B., Maenner, M. J., & Blumberg, S. J. (2019) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2019.02.013 · Cited by 32
Teacher-Level Factors, Classroom Physical Activity Opportunities, and Children’s Physical Activity Levels
Nader, P. A., Hilberg, E., Schuna, J. M., John, D. H., & Gunter, K. B. (2018) · Journal of Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.1123/jpah.2017-0218 · Cited by 29
“21 Factors found to influence CBPA implementation included (1) access to CBPA tools,22 (2) implementation self-efficacy,22–24 (3) participation in professional development,22–24 (4) teaching experience,25 (5) school operating conditions (eg, academic expectations and schedule),22,24,26–29 (6) school situational suppor…”
Background
Body Mass Index Changes in Early Childhood
Jabakhanji, S. B., Boland, F., Ward, M. P., & Biesma, R. G. (2018) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.06.049 · Cited by 27
A Low-Cost, Grab-and-Go Breakfast Intervention for Rural High School Students: Changes in School Breakfast Program Participation Among At-Risk Students in Minnesota
Larson, N., Wang, Q., Grannon, K. Y., Wei, S. H., Nanney, M. S., & Caspi, C. E. (2017) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2017.08.001 · Cited by 27
Prevalence of overweight and obesity among African primary school learners: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Adom, T., Kengne, A. P., de Villiers, A., & Puoane, T. R. (2019) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.355 · Cited by 30
“On the other hand, undernutrition (85) and PA like active transport and active play (19,86) generally tend to be higher in rural children in sub-Saharan Africa.”
Background
Trends of low physical activity among Iranian adolescents across urban and rural areas during 2006–2011
Amiri, P., Naseri, P., Vahedi-Notash, G., Jalali‐Farahani, S., Mehrabi, Y., Zarghani, N. H., Azizi, F., Hadaegh, F., & Khalili, D. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-78048-0 · Cited by 27
Physical Activity, Sedentary Behavior, Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Access: What Influences Obesity in Rural Children?
Daly, C. M., Foote, S. J., & Wadsworth, D. D. (2017) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-017-0343-6 · Cited by 26
“A meta-analysis examining obesity in rural and urban areas found that children living in rural areas have 26% greater chance of being obese [3].”
Background
Feasibility and outcomes of an out-of-school and home-based obesity prevention pilot study for rural children on an American Indian reservation
Brown, B., Harris, K., Heil, D., Tryon, M., Cooksley, A., Semmens, E., Davis, J., & Gandhi, K. (2018) · Pilot and Feasibility Studies · doi:10.1186/s40814-018-0322-4 · Cited by 23
“children [1], even after controlling for sociodemographics [2–5].”
Background
One-Year Follow-Up Examination of the Impact of the North Carolina Healthy Food Small Retailer Program on Healthy Food Availability, Purchases, and Consumption
Pitts, S. J., Wu, Q., Truesdale, K. P., Haynes‐Maslow, L., McGuirt, J. T., Ammerman, A. S., Bell, R. A., & Laska, M. N. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15122681 · Cited by 26
Featured Article: Behavior Interventions Addressing Obesity in Rural Settings: The E-FLIP for Kids Trial
Janicke, D. M., Lim, C. S., Perri, M. G., Mathews, A., Bobroff, L. B., Gurka, M. J., Parish, A., Brumback, B., Dumont-Driscoll, M. C., & Silverstein, J. H. (2019) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsz029 · Cited by 26
“Children living in rural areas are more likely to have obesity than their peers living in metropolitan areas (Johnson & Johnson, 2015).”
Background
Eating breakfast together as a family: mealtime experiences and associations with dietary intake among adolescents in rural Minnesota, USA
Larson, N., Wang, Q., Berge, J. M., Shanafelt, A., & Nanney, M. S. (2016) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980016000379 · Cited by 26
“…among rural US families as school breakfast participation is lower in rural compared with urban areas (14) and because of the potential for informing interventions addressing dietary patterns and the high prevalence of weight-related problems and food insecurity among rural youth (15 – 19) .”
Are people in the bush really physically active? A systematic review and meta-analysis of physical activity and sedentary behaviour in rural Australians populations
Castrillón, C. I. M., Beckenkamp, P. R., Ferreira, M., Gregorio, J. A. M. D., Mendes, V. A. D. A., Luscombe, G. M., Stamatakis, E. A., & Ferreira, P. H. (2020) · Journal of Global Health · doi:10.7189/jogh.10.010410 · Cited by 25
Estimates of Childhood Overweight and Obesity at the Region, State, and County Levels: A Multilevel Small-Area Estimation Approach
Zgodic, A., Eberth, J. M., Breneman, C. B., Wende, M. E., Kaczynski, A. T., Liese, A. D., & McLain, A. C. (2021) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwab176 · Cited by 25
The Family-Home Nutrition Environment and Dietary Intake in Rural Children
Jackson, J., Smit, E., Manore, M. M., John, D. H., & Gunter, K. B. (2015) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu7125495 · Cited by 28
“The most current available evidence indicates that rural children have 26% greater odds of obesity compared to urban children [11], yet evidence to explain this disparity is inconclusive.”
BackgroundResult
Breaking barriers: Adjunctive use of the Ontario Telemedicine Network (OTN) to reach adolescents with obesity living in remote locations
Coles, N., Patel, B. P., Li, P., Cordeiro, K., Steinberg, A., Zdravkovic, A., & Hamilton, J. K. (2018) · Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare · doi:10.1177/1357633x18816254 · Cited by 24
Feasibility of text messaging to promote child health in a rural community on an American Indian reservation
Brown, B. D., Harris, K. J., Dybdal, L., Malich, J. M., Bodnar, B., & Hall, E. (2019) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896918824624 · Cited by 24
“…in the USA, and high among rural minority children, particularly American Indian children, suggesting the need for innovative health promotion strategies that encompass the strengths of rural communities and engage parents (Bolin et al., 2015; Johnson and Johnson, 2015; Phillips and McLeroy, 2004).”
BackgroundInfluential
Metabolic Syndrome: Prevalence and Risk Factors among Adolescent Female Intermediate and Secondary Students in Saudi Arabia
Alowfi, A., Binladen, S., Irqsous, S., Khashoggi, A. A., Khan, M. A., & Calacattawi, R. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18042142 · Cited by 25
“Further, sedentary activity was correlated with obesity and overweight among both urban and rural residents, thereby necessitating the need to focus initiatives for education, environmental, and policy interventions owing to better access to a wide variety of processed and traditional high-sugar, high-fat snack foods,…”
Background
Eating disorder risk in rural US adolescents: What do we know and where do we go?
Hahn, S. L., Burnette, C. B., Borton, K. A., Carpenter, L. M., Sonneville, K. R., & Bailey, B. A. (2022) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23843 · Cited by 23
“First, the prevalence of higher body weight is more common in rural than urban areas, meaning individuals within rural communities likely experience disproportionate weight bias and discrimination (Johnson & Johnson, 2015).”
Universal childhood obesity prevention in a rural community: Study design, methods and baseline participant characteristics of the NU-HOME randomized controlled trial
Fulkerson, J. A., Horning, M. L., Barr-Anderson, D., Linde, J. A., Sidebottom, A., Lindberg, R., Friend, S., Flattum, C., & Freese, R. (2020) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2020.106160 · Cited by 23
Food insecurity and physical activity insecurity among rural Oregon families
Gunter, K. B., Jackson, J., Tomayko, E. J., & John, D. H. (2017) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2017.07.006 · Cited by 22
Weight outcomes of NU-HOME: a randomized controlled trial to prevent obesity among rural children
Fulkerson, J. A., Horning, M. L., Barr‐Anderson, D. J., Sidebottom, A. C., Linde, J. A., Lindberg, R., Friend, S. E., Beaudette, J. L., Flattum, C. F., & FREESE, R. L. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-022-01260-w · Cited by 22
Impacts of Social Inequality, Air Pollution, Rural–Urban Divides, and Insufficient Green Space on Residents’ Health in China: Insight from Chinese General Social Survey Data Analysis
Zhou, P., Sun, S., Chen, T., Pan, Y., Xu, W., & Zhang, H. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192114225 · Cited by 22
Rural–urban disparities in health care delivery for children with medical complexity and moderating effects of payer, disability, and community poverty
Arakelyan, M., Freyleue, S. D., Schaefer, A., Austin, A. M., Moen, E. L., O’Malley, A. J., Goodman, D. C., & Leyenaar, J. K. (2024) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12827 · Cited by 22
Baseline Assessment of a Healthy Corner Store Initiative: Associations between Food Store Environments, Shopping Patterns, Customer Purchases, and Dietary Intake in Eastern North Carolina
Pitts, S. J., Wu, Q., Truesdale, K. P., Laska, M. N., Grinchak, T., McGuirt, J. T., Haynes‐Maslow, L., Bell, R. A., & Ammerman, A. (2017) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph14101189 · Cited by 22
“In addition, residents of rural and underserved areas are more likely to be affected by obesity, compared to their urban counterparts [13,14].”
Background
Memphis FitKids: implementing a mobile-friendly web-based application to enhance parents’ participation in improving child health
Ullmann, G., Kedia, S., Homayouni, R., Akkus, C., Schmidt, M., Klesges, L. M., & Ward, K. D. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-5968-6 · Cited by 24
“Furthermore, a meta-analysis including pooled data of 74,168 youth aged 2 – 19 reported that those living in rural areas have 26% higher odds of obesity, compared to urban youth [5].”
What are the determinants of vegetable intake among adolescents from socioeconomically disadvantaged urban areas? A systematic review of qualitative studies
Bel‐Serrat, S., von der Schulenburg, A., Marques-Previ, M., Mullee, A., & Murrin, C. M. (2022) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-022-01396-9 · Cited by 20
Food parenting practices in rural poverty context
Sano, Y., Routh, B., & Lanigan, J. D. (2018) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2018.11.024 · Cited by 20
Building a culture of health through research: The role of the physical activity research center
Kauh, T. J. (2019) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.105894 · Cited by 20
Influencing factors of obesity in school-age children and adolescents – A systematic review of the literature in the context of obesity monitoring
Lehmann, F., Varnaccia, G., Zeiher, J., Lange, C., & Jordan, S. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.25646/6729 · Cited by 23
Factores de riesgo asociados con sobrepeso y obesidad en adolescentes mexicanas
Medina-Zacarías, M. C., Shamah‐Levy, T., Cuevas‐Nasú, L., Méndez‐Gómez‐Humarán, I., & Hernández‐Cordero, S. (2020) · Salud Pública de México · doi:10.21149/10388 · Cited by 19
What Can Be Learned from Existing Investigations of Weight-Related Practices and Policies with the Potential to Impact Disparities in US Child-Care Settings? A Narrative Review and Call for Surveillance and Evaluation Efforts
Larson, N., Looby, A. A., Frost, N., Nanney, M. S., & Story, M. T. (2017) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2017.06.011 · Cited by 19
Impact on Dietary Choices After Discount Supermarket Opens in Low-Income Community
Pitts, S. J., Wu, Q., McGuirt, J. T., Sharpe, P. A., & Rafferty, A. P. (2018) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2018.03.002 · Cited by 19
Regional and Sociodemographic Determinants of the Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity in Children Aged 7-9 Years in Croatia
Milanović, S. M. (2020) · Acta Clinica Croatica · doi:10.20471/acc.2020.59.02.14 · Cited by 19
Using Herbs and Spices to Increase Vegetable Intake Among Rural Adolescents
Fritts, J. R., Bermudez, M. A., Hargrove, R. L., Alla, L., Fort, C., Liang, Q., Cravener, T. L., Rolls, B. J., D'Adamo, C. R., Hayes, J. E., et al. (2019) · Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2019.04.016 · Cited by 19
Rural–urban differences in health among youth in northern Sweden: an outcome-wide epidemiological approach
Jönsson, F., Goicolea, I., & Sebastiån, M. S. (2019) · International Journal of Circumpolar Health · doi:10.1080/22423982.2019.1640015 · Cited by 18
Associations of parent dietary role modeling with children's diet quality in a rural setting: Baseline data from the NU-HOME study
Linde, J. A., Horning, M. L., Lee, J., Friend, S. E., Flattum, C. F., Arcan, C., & Fulkerson, J. A. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106007 · Cited by 20
Prevention and Treatment of Pediatric Obesity: A Strategy Involving Children, Adolescents and the Family for Improved Body Composition
Moxley, E., Habtzghi, D. H., Klinkhamer, N., Wang, H., Donnelly, S., & Dykhuizen, J. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2018.12.010 · Cited by 18
Rural Childhood Obesity – An Emerging Health Concern
Premkumar, S., Ramanan, P. V., & lakshmi, J. (2019) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_649_18 · Cited by 18
Design and Approach of the Healthy Weight Clinic Pediatric Weight Management Intervention Package and Implementation: Massachusetts-CORD 3.0
Fiechtner, L. G., Castro, I., Ayala, S. G., Velez, D. S., Lindros, J., Perkins, M. E., Baker, A. E., Salmon, J., Biggs, V., Cannon-Smith, G., et al. (2021) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2021.0177 · Cited by 17
“32,33 Thus, efforts to prevent and manage obesity in the South, in non-metropolitan, rural areas could help reduce existing disparities in obesity prevalence found across geographic regions of the United States, by socioeconomic status, and by urbanization.”
Association of regional socioeconomic deprivation and rurality with global developmental delay in early childhood: Data from mandatory school entry examinations in Germany
Hoffmann, S., Tschorn, M., Michalski, N., Hoebel, J., Förstner, B. R., Rapp, M. A., & Spallek, J. (2022) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2022.102794 · Cited by 17
Relationships between physical and mental health in adolescents from low-income, rural communities: univariate and multivariate analyses
Feiss, R., & Pangelinan, M. M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041372 · Cited by 17
“As the prevalence of both physical and internalizing mental health problems continues to increase among adolescents from this population [2,18,19,43], local education and health policies are needed to detect, treat, and prevent physical and mental health problems.”
Background
Adolescent depression and anxiety treatment in rural schools: A systematic review.
Berryhill, M. B., Carlson, C., Hopson, L. M., Culmer, N. P., & Williams, N. T. (2021) · Rural Mental Health · doi:10.1037/rmh0000183 · Cited by 20
Association between children living with obesity and Mental Health problems: a data analysis of the Welsh Health Survey, UK
Beynon, C. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15293-8 · Cited by 18
“Childhood obesity has increased worldwide over the last 30 years [3].”
Background
Alta prevalencia de trastornos nutricionales por exceso, resistencia insulínica y síndrome metabólico en escolares de la comuna de Carahue, Región de la Araucanía
SAPUNAR, J., Aguilar-Farías, N., Navarro, J., Araneda, G., Chandía-Poblete, D., Manríquez, V., Brito, R., & Cerda, Á. (2018) · Revista médica de Chile · doi:10.4067/s0034-98872018000900978 · Cited by 17
Walkability indices and children's walking behavior in rural vs. urban areas
Bucko, A. G., Porter, D. E., Saunders, R. P., Shirley, L., Dowda, M. C., & Pate, R. R. (2021) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102707 · Cited by 17
Learning From Human Responses to Deconditioning Environments: Improved Understanding of the “Use It or Lose It” Principle
Hart, D. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.685845 · Cited by 18
“Thus, in North America, the rate of adult obesity is ∼35 and >70% are overweight, with the rates in children raising as well (discussed in Johnson and Johnson, 2015; Colmenarejo, 2020; Chrissini and Panagiotakos, 2021).”
Background
Community-Based Participatory Obesity Prevention Interventions in Rural Communities: A Scoping Review
Dhanjani, S., Allen, H., Varman, B., Callender, C., Dave, J. M., & Thompson, D. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16142201 · Cited by 16
“A meta-analysis from 2015 found that children living in rural US communities have 26% greater odds of obesity in comparison to children living in urban areas [7].”
BackgroundMethod
Parental Mental Health Associated With Child Overweight and Obesity, Examined Within Rural and Urban Settings, Stratified by Income
Foster, B. A., Weinstein, K., Mojica, C. M., & Davis, M. M. (2019) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12395 · Cited by 16
Comparing two different family‐based childhood obesity treatment programmes in a medically underserved region: Effectiveness, engagement and implementation outcomes from a randomized controlled trial
Zoellner, J., You, W., Hill, J. L., Brock, D. P., Yuhas, M., Price, B. E., Wilson, J. A., Montague, D. R., & Estabrooks, P. A. (2021) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12840 · Cited by 16
“evaluate (1) parent health literacy at baseline using the Newest Vital Sign(32) (2) QOL using the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory for children and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Healthy Days Core Module for parents,(33,34) (3) nutrition for children and parents with Beverage Intake Questionnaire and CDC Fruit a…”
Method
Association of Neighborhood Food Environment and Physical Activity Environment With Obesity: A Large-Scale Cross-Sectional Study of Fifth- to Ninth-Grade Children in Japan
Oishi, K., Aoki, T., Harada, T., Tanaka, C., Tanaka, S., Tanaka, H., Fukuda, K., Kamikawa, Y., Tsuji, N., Komura, K., et al. (2021) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580211055626 · Cited by 16
“Studies have shown that rural areas have more overweight children than urban areas do.(20,21) There are no standard definitions for urban and rural areas.”
Background
RETRACTED: Human machine interaction-assisted smart educational system for rural children
Wei, N., Yang, F., Muthu, B., & Shanthini, A. (2022) · Computers & Electrical Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.compeleceng.2022.107812 · Cited by 16
Retracted
Children’s healthy eating habits and parents’ socio-demographic characteristics in rural Texas, USA
Chen, X., Cisse‐Egbuonye, N., Spears, E. C., Mkuu, R. S., & McKyer, E. L. J. (2018) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896917752014 · Cited by 17
Factors associated with overweight/obesity of children aged 6–12 years in Indonesia
Oktaviani, S., Mizutani, M., Nishide, R., & Tanimura, S. (2023) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-023-04321-6 · Cited by 15
“Globally, the prevalence of over-weight and obesity among children and adolescents aged 5–19 years has approximately doubled between 1996 and 2016, from 8.9 to 18.4%, respectively, and it has tripled in LMICs, from 3.8 to 11.2%.”
BackgroundInfluential

Authors: Johnson, J. A., & Johnson, A. M.
Affiliations: Rollins College (US)
Stetson University (US)
ORCID: Johnson, James Allen
Johnson, Asal Mohamadi
Venue: Childhood Obesity
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2015-04-30
Volume: 11
Issue: 3
Pages: 233-241
ISSN: 2153-2168 (ISSN-L)
2153-2176
DOI: 10.1089/chi.2014.0085
OpenAlex: W1948287158
Cited by: 360
References: 33
Citations by year: 2026: 20 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 42 · 2023: 33 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 3
FWCI: 3.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: Childhood Obesity (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity and Health Practices
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
Keywords: adolescent obesity, urban-rural disparities, rural children, obesity prevalence, health disparities, rural health
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Child, Diet, Humans, Nutrition Surveys, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Urban Population, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Prevalence, Odds Ratio, Pediatric Obesity

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Urban-rural differences in childhood and adolescent obesity in the United States: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks