Removal of Carbamazepine from Water by a Novel TiO 2 –Coconut Shell Powder/UV Process: Composite Preparation and Photocatalytic Activity
Open accessAbstract
A novel TiO2–coconut shell powder (TCNSP) composite, prepared by the controlled sol-gel method with a subsequent heat treatment, was investigated as an innovative photocatalytic absorbent for the removal of carbamazepine (CBZ). CBZ is used worldwide as an antiepileptic drug, which has recently been recognized as an important organic pollutant increasingly found in wastewaters from urban areas and other aquatic environments. The granulation process was performed by using a semiautomated mass production line to produce sufficient quantities of TCNSP composites, possessing sufficient crush strength for commercialization. Physical properties of the TCNSP composite such as crystallinity, morphology, crush strength, and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)–specific surface area were controlled by the mass ratio of titanium dioxide sol and coconut shell powder (CNSP). Calcination at 700°C produced anatase phase TiO2 in the TCNSP composites with a BET high surface area of 454 m2/g. Anatase crystallite size of the TCNSP composite increased from 2.37 to 15.11 nm with increasing calcination temperature from 500°C to 800°C. Calcinated TCNSP composites had higher CBZ removal efficiency (98%) than pure TiO2 (23%) and CNSP (34%) within a 40-min reaction time. Optimization of this innovative adsorption/photocatalytic process was obtained by a response surface methodology and a central composite design model, which indicated that this novel and sustainable technology was successful in removing CBZ from a solution.
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Activated carbon is a porous, amorphous solid carbon material derived mainly from carbonaceous or plant-based (lignocellulosic) materials and can be used as a support for TiO2.
“Activated carbon (AC), also termed active carbon, activated charcoal, or activated coal, is a porous, amorphous solid carbon material derived mainly from carbonaceous or plantbased (lignocellulosic) materials such as coconut shell, [113][114][115][116][117][118][119] activated charcoal, 120 sawdust of Tabebuia pentaphyla wood, 121-124 pine sawdust, 125 beech sawdust, 126 peach stones, 127 almond”
From Sustainable hybrid photocatalysts: titania immobilized on carbon materials derived from renewable and biodegradable resources (2016) · cites this paper as [114]
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- Authors
- Khraisheh, M., Kim, J., Campos, L., Al-Muhtaseb, A. H., Walker, G. M., & AlGhouti, M.
- Affiliations
- Qatar University (QA)
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geomatic Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
- University College London (GB)
- Sultan Qaboos University (OM)
- Queen's University Belfast (GB)
- Department of Biology & Environmental Science, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar.
- Corresponding author
- Khraisheh, Majeda
- Venue
- Environmental Engineering Science
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-09
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 515-526
- ISSN
- 1092-8758 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-9018
- PMC
- PMC3777652
- OpenAlex
- W2054795047
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 0.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Environmental Engineering Science (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Qatar University QSpace (Qatar University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Kangwon National University
- Qatar University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › TiO2 Photocatalysis and Solar Cells
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Advanced oxidation water treatment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Keywords
- carbamazepine removal, photocatalysis, UV irradiation, adsorption, anatase TiO2, calcination temperature, sol-gel synthesis, wastewater treatment, pharmaceutical pollutants, antiepileptic drugs, response surface methodology
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