Mild Depressive Symptoms Are Associated with Elevated C-Reactive Protein and Proinflammatory Cytokine Levels During Early to Midgestation: A Prospective Pilot Study
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: We examined depressive symptoms, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels during early to-midgestation. METHODS: We measured depressive symptoms on the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and serum CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α levels twice in 27 pregnant women. RESULTS: After adjustment, depressive symptoms prospectively (β=0.42, p<0.05 at 16-20 weeks of gestation) and concurrently (β=0.54, p<0.01 at 7-10 weeks of gestation) predicted elevated CRP [F (2, 14)=9.20, p=0.003, R(2)=0.57 and F (3, 15)=9.08, p=0.001, R(2)=0.64, respectively]. There were similar patterns of results for TNF-α (β=0.72, p<0.01) and IL-6 levels (β=0.39, p<0.05) at 7-10 weeks of gestation [F (2,19)=8.84, p=0.002, R(2)=0.48]. Furthermore, the association between depressive symptoms at 7-10 weeks of gestation and increased IL-6 levels at 16-20 weeks of gestation approached statistical significance. We confirmed the findings with the Wilcoxon signed rank test (IL-6: Z=2.44, p=0.015; TNF-α: Z=1.94, p=0.05; CRP: approached statistical significance). CONCLUSIONS: These pilot data suggest that depressive symptoms may be associated with inflammatory markers during early to-midgestation.
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C-reactive protein (CRP) is elevated as prenatal maternal mental distress increases.
“Additionally, C-reactive protein (CRP), an inflammatory marker, is elevated as prenatal maternal mental distress increases [142, 143], and elevated gestational CRP levels have been associated with increased risk of preterm birth [144], adverse infant and child brain developmental outcomes [144, 145], as well as autism and schizophrenia in the offspring [146, 147].”
From Brain structural and functional outcomes in the offspring of women experiencing psychological distress during pregnancy (2024) · cites this paper as [143]
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- Authors
- Azar, R., & Mercer, D.
- Affiliations
- Mount Allison University (CA)
- McGill University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Azar, Rima
- ORCID
- Azar, Rima
- Venue
- Journal of Women's Health
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 385-389
- ISSN
- 1059-7115 (ISSN-L)
- 1540-9996
- 1931-843X
- PMC
- PMC3627429
- OpenAlex
- W1987236612
- Cited by
- 52
- References
- 14
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Women s Health (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Biological Psychiatry › Tryptophan and brain disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- depressive symptoms, pregnancy, C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, TNF-α, inflammatory cytokines, inflammation, maternal mental health
- MeSH terms
- Adult, C-Reactive Protein, Depression, Female, Humans, Pilot Projects, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Trimester, Second, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Biomarkers, Interleukin-6, Cytokines, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Pregnant People
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