The DOI matches its Crossref record; 38 of the 38 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Abnormalities of Pituitary Function after Traumatic Brain Injury in Children
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a frequent cause of neuroendocrine dysfunction typically in male adults. Head injuries are also common in childhood, but only a few case reports outlined the endocrine consequences. The aim of this study was to reveal anterior pituitary function in children with history of hospitalization due to mild to severe head trauma. Our endocrine follow-up study was performed between October 2003 and February 2004 in the Pediatric Department of Petz Aladár County Teaching Hospital, Gyor, Hungary. Twenty-six children (17 boys and nine girls, aged 11.47 +/- 0.75 years) at 30.6 +/- 8.3 months after head injury and 21 age-matched controls were enrolled. Basal and stimulated anterior pituitary and peripheral hormone concentrations were measured by routine laboratory methods. Pituitary dysfunction was detected in 61% of patients with TBI history. All growth hormone (GH) parameters measured and calculated were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in TBI group than in controls after L-DOPA stimulation. Similar difference was detected 60 min after insulin provocation. Forty-two percent of all TBI children showed insufficient growth hormone (GH) response in both stimulation tests, 73% of these cases were boys. Cortisol levels of TBI patients were significantly (p < 0.05) lower all through the insulin test than values measured in control group. The degree of pituitary dysfunction was independent from the severity of TBI. Our study confirms the high risk for hypopituitarism in children with TBI despite the lack of obvious clinical symptoms. We suggest screening of pituitary function after any kind of brain trauma requiring hospitalization in childhood.
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In the citing paper
“Cross-sectional studies documented 16%–61% prevalence of hypopituitarism at 1–5 years after injury [23,34,37,38,39,40,41,42,43].”
From Update of Endocrine Dysfunction following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury (2015) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“In children, TBI severity has not shown any correlation with hormone deficiency rates [30-32].”
From Neuroendocrine Disruptions Following Head Injury (2023) · cites this paper as [31]
In the citing paper
“In a mixed retrospective and prospective study of 48 children with TBI, Einaudi et al. reported HPA dysfunction in 10% of cases at 12 months, while Niederland et al., in a cross-sectional analysis of 26 children assessed at 30 ± 8 months, observed pituitary abnormalities in 61% [18,19].”
From Endocrine Dysfunctions After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Present Insights and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Niederland et al., in a cross-sectional analysis of 26 children assessed at 30 ± 8 months, observed pituitary abnormalities in 61% [18,19].”
From Endocrine Dysfunctions After Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury: Present Insights and Future Directions (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
In the citing paper
“Two retrospective studies in children each reported one child with elevated PRL one to two years after injury [37,38]. Both children had PRL elevation associated with other pituitary deficiencies including transient hypogonadism.”
From Update of Endocrine Dysfunction following Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury (2015) · cites this paper as [37]
Citations
Cites
G. R. Society (2000) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.85.11.3990 · Cited by 954
Kelly, D. F., Gaw Gonzalo, I. T., Cohan, P., Berman, N., Swerdloff, R., & Wang, C. (2000) · Journal of Neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.2000.93.5.0743 · Cited by 455
Morton, M. V., & Wehman, P. (1995) · Brain Injury · doi:10.3109/02699059509004574 · Cited by 427
Hypopituitarism Secondary to Head Trauma
Benvenga, S. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.85.4.1353 · Cited by 423
Anterior Pituitary Dysfunction in Survivors of Traumatic Brain Injury
Agha, A., Rogers, B., Sherlock, M., O’Kelly, P., Tormey, W., Phillips, J., & Thompson, C. J. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-0511 · Cited by 390 · cited 5×
“Some authors found high prevalence of neuroendocrine dysfunction in adolescent (Agha et al., 2004a) and adult patients (Aimaretti et al., 2004; Agha et al., 2004a,b,c; Benvenga et al., 2000; Bondanelli et al., 2004; Kelly et al., 2000; Lieberman et al., 2001) with history of moderate or severe TBI…”
InfluentialAimaretti, G., Ambrosio, M. R., Di Somma, C., Fusco, A., Cannavò, S., Gasperi, M., Scaroni, C., De Marinis, L., Benvenga, S., Uberti, E. C. D., et al. (2004) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02094.x · Cited by 339
Occurrence of pituitary dysfunction following traumatic brain injury
Bondanelli, M., De Marinis, L., Ambrosio, M. R., Monesi, M., Valle, D., Zatelli, M. C., Fusco, A., Bianchi, A., Farneti, M., & Degli, E. C. I. (2004) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/0897715041269713 · Cited by 322
Neuroendocrine dysfunction in the acute phase of traumatic brain injury
Agha, A., Rogers, B., Mylotte, D., Taleb, F., Tormey, W., Phillips, J., & Thompson, C. J. (2004) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2004.02023.x · Cited by 313
Acute secondary adrenal insufficiency after traumatic brain injury: a prospective study
Cohan, P., Wang, C., McArthur, D. L., Cook, S. W., Dusick, J. R., Armin, B., Swerdloff, R., Vespa, P., Muizelaar, J. P., Cryer, H. G., et al. (2005) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/01.ccm.0000181735.51183.a7 · Cited by 282
Posterior pituitary dysfunction after traumatic brain injury
Agha, A., Thornton, E., O’Kelly, P., Tormey, W., Phillips, J., & Thompson, C. J. (2004) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2004-1058 · Cited by 269
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- CYRAN E., 1918, Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr., 44, 1261
- YUAN X.Q., 1991, Front. Neuroendocrinol., 12, 209
Cited by
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Items 101–103 of 103
Galbiati, S., Locatelli, F., Formica, F., Pozzi, M., & Strazzer, S. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11030304
Endocrinopathy and Dysautonomia
Fote, G., Himstead, A. S., & Chen, J. W. (2025) · Neurosurgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nec.2025.03.008
Graça, G. M., Aguiar, L. R., & de Lacerda, L. (2026) · Growth Hormone & IGF Research · doi:10.1016/j.ghir.2026.101716
Metadata
- Authors
- Niederland, T., Makovi, H., Gál, V., Andréka, B., Ábrahám, C. S., & Kovács, J.
- Affiliations
- Petz Aladár Megyei Oktató Kórház (HU)
- University of Debrecen (HU)
- University of Szeged (HU)
- ORCID
- Kovács, József
- Venue
- Journal of Neurotrauma
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2007-01
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 119-127
- ISSN
- 0897-7151 (ISSN-L)
- 1557-9042
- OpenAlex
- W2035483698
- Semantic Scholar
- 4bc69e8341b4f723ee6a415fe36098bc36041388
- Cited by
- 104
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 5 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 4.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Neurotrauma (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Pituitary Gland Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
- Keywords
- traumatic brain injury, pediatric head injury, anterior pituitary dysfunction, hypopituitarism, growth hormone deficiency, neuroendocrine dysfunction, L-dopa stimulation test, cortisol, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Body Height, Brain Injuries, Child, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypoglycemia, Hypoglycemic Agents, Insulin, Levodopa, Male, Pituitary Function Tests, Pituitary Gland, Pituitary Hormones, Prolactin, Thyroid Hormones, Thyrotropin, Human Growth Hormone
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