Cited by 278Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular DisturbancesTraumatic Brain Injury ResearchNeuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms

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In Situ Detection of Inflammatory Mediators in Post Mortem Human Brain Tissue after Traumatic Injury

Frugier, Tony, Morganti-Kossmann, Maria Cristina, O'Reilly, David, McLean, Catriona A.·2010·Journal of Neurotrauma

DOI 10.1089/neu.2009.1120

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Abstract

Little is known about the molecular events following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) in humans and to date there are no efficient therapies for the treatment of patients. In this study, the first of its kind in human tissue, a total of 21 post mortem trauma brain samples were analyzed. The inflammatory response within the brain tissue was explored by measuring the expression of various inflammatory cytokines at the mRNA and protein levels. These mediators were interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). This study shows for the first time in human brain tissue that 1) pro-inflammatory mediator protein levels are significantly increased in situ following acute brain injury while anti-inflammatory cytokines protein levels remain unchanged; 2) the cerebral inflammatory response begins within minutes of acute TBI, much earlier than previously thought; 3) IL-6, IL-8, TNF-alpha, and IL-1beta mRNA levels are significantly increased following injury; 4) the rise in cytokine protein level coincides with increased levels of their mRNAs suggesting that traumatic injury elicits an immediate cerebral inflammatory response. Altogether these data confirm and extend previous observations on the release of cytokines in the cerebrospinal fluid of severe TBI patients. Finally, this study highlights the need to characterize the cell source of cytokines and elucidate their mode of action.

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Additional file 2 of Systemic inflammation alters the neuroinflammatory response: a prospective clinical trial in traumatic brain injury
Lassarén, P., Lindblad, C., Frostell, A., Carpenter, K. L. H., Guilfoyle, M. R., Hutchinson, P. J. A., Helmy, A. E., & Thelin, E. P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16681661
Additional file 7 of Systemic inflammation alters the neuroinflammatory response: a prospective clinical trial in traumatic brain injury
Lassarén, P., Lindblad, C., Frostell, A., Carpenter, K. L. H., Guilfoyle, M. R., Hutchinson, P. J. A., Helmy, A. E., & Thelin, E. P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16681679
Additional file 1 of Systemic inflammation alters the neuroinflammatory response: a prospective clinical trial in traumatic brain injury
Lassarén, P., Lindblad, C., Frostell, A., Carpenter, K. L. H., Guilfoyle, M. R., Hutchinson, P. J. A., Helmy, A. E., & Thelin, E. P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16681658
Additional file 3 of Systemic inflammation alters the neuroinflammatory response: a prospective clinical trial in traumatic brain injury
Lassarén, P., Lindblad, C., Frostell, A., Carpenter, K. L. H., Guilfoyle, M. R., Hutchinson, P. J. A., Helmy, A. E., & Thelin, E. P. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16681664
Polyphenol-Mediated Neuroprotection Against Traumatic Injury to the Nervous System
Khan, H., Waheed, B., Asif, M., Khan, U., Waseem, S. M., Hannan, M., & Javaid, H. (2026) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/979-8-3373-4139-2.ch009
Contrôle de l'activation microgliale par les lymphocytes T dans un modèle murin de neurodégénérescence induite par la 6-OHDA
Uhlrich, J. (2014) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/a6a8c526zbc17z4d58za205z11fd3c99adf0
Mapping Inflammation Dynamics Across Brain, CSF, and Serum after TBI: A Multi-Compartment and Machine Learning Analysis of Injury and Celastrol Effects
Gjesdal, B. J., Rao, S., Parchuri, E., Rohde, Z., Henchir, J. J., Li, Y., Chang, Y.-F., Carlson, S. W., & Dixon, C. E. (2026) · Neurotrauma Reports · doi:10.1177/2689288x261435303
Inflammatory blood-based biomarkers to aid in the assessment and prognostication of traumatic brain injury: a TRACK-TBI study
Yue, J., Fu, A. Y., Jain, S., Puccio, A. M., Eagle, S. R., Korley, F. K., van Essen, T. A., Samanta, R., Li, L. M., Roberts, C. J., et al. (2026) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-026-03891-3
“IL-6 levels rise significantly after TBI in blood, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissue [55–57].”
Traumatic Brain Injury and the Road to Alzheimer’s Disease
Kaveh, R., Kamari, F., Høilund‐Carlsen, P. F., Blaabjerg, M., Christensen, A. A., Poulsen, F. R., Ghaedi, S., Alavi, A. A., & Andalib, S. (2026) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines14092056
“Diffuse neuroinflammatory responses were also evidenced in another human post-mortem study, marked by activated microglia and astrocytes across both the ipsilateral and contralateral hemispheres [86].”
Neurochemical Aspects of Traumatic Brain Injury
Farooqui, A. A. (2010) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-6652-0_6
Cellular Reactions and Behavioral Changes in Focal and Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury : A Study in the Rat and Mouse
Ekmark‐Lewén, S. (2013)

Authors: Frugier, T., Morganti-Kossmann, M. C., O'Reilly, D., & McLean, C. A.
Affiliations: The Alfred Hospital (AU)
National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred Hospital and Department of Medicine Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
Corresponding author: Frugier, Tony
ORCID: Frugier, Tony
Morganti-Kossmann, Maria Cristina
McLean, Catriona A.
Venue: Journal of Neurotrauma
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2010-03
Volume: 27
Issue: 3
Pages: 497-507
ISSN: 0897-7151 (ISSN-L)
1557-9042
DOI: 10.1089/neu.2009.1120
OpenAlex: W2084674974
Cited by: 278
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 14
FWCI: 4.47
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/ (tdm)
Locations: Journal of Neurotrauma (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury and Neurovascular Disturbances
Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Traumatic Brain Injury Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
Keywords: traumatic brain injury, neuroinflammation, inflammatory cytokines, postmortem brain, interleukin-6, interleukin-8, TNF-α, IL-1β, cytokine mRNA expression, human brain
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Brain, Brain Injuries, Diagnosis, Encephalitis, Female, Humans, Interferon-gamma, Interleukins, Male, Middle Aged, RNA, Messenger, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Biomarkers, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor, Cytokines, Inflammation Mediators, Young Adult

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In Situ Detection of Inflammatory Mediators in Post Mortem Human Brain Tissue after Traumatic Injury

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