All Roads Lead to Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: The Technologies of iPSC Generation
Open accessAbstract
Generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) via the ectopic expression of reprogramming factors is a simple, advanced, yet often perplexing technology due to low efficiency, slow kinetics, and the use of numerous distinct systems for factor delivery. Scientists have used almost all available approaches for the delivery of reprogramming factors. Even the well-established retroviral vectors confuse some scientists due to different tropisms in use. The canonical virus-based reprogramming poses many problems, including insertional mutagenesis, residual expression and re-activation of reprogramming factors, uncontrolled silencing of transgenes, apoptosis, cell senescence, and strong immunogenicity. To eliminate or alleviate these problems, scientists have tried various other approaches for factor delivery and transgene removal. These include transient transfection, nonintegrating viral vectors, Cre-loxP excision of transgenes, excisable transposon, protein transduction, RNA transfection, microRNA transfection, RNA virion, RNA replicon, nonintegrating replicating episomal plasmids, minicircles, polycistron, and preintegration of inducible reprogramming factors. These alternative approaches have their own limitations. Even iPSCs generated with RNA approaches should be screened for possible transgene insertions mediated by active endogenous retroviruses in the human genome. Even experienced researchers may encounter difficulty in selecting and using these different technologies. This survey presents overviews of iPSC technologies with the intention to provide a quick yet comprehensive reference for both new and experienced reprogrammers.
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All non-integrating methods for iPSC generation have low reprogramming efficiency except the Sendai viral vector.
“However, all of these methods have low re-programming efficiency, except the Sendai viral vector [100].”
From Non-Integrating Lentiviral Vectors in Clinical Applications: A Glance Through (2022) · cites this paper as [100]
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialAdenoviral gene delivery can reprogram human fibroblasts to induced pluripotent stem cells
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Non-Integrating Lentiviral Vectors in Clinical Applications: A Glance Through
Gurumoorthy, N., Nordin, F., Tye, G. J., Wan Kamarul Zaman, W. S., & Ng, M. H. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10010107 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
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- Authors
- Hu, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hu, Kejin
- ORCID
- Hu, Kejin
- Venue
- Stem Cells and Development
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2014-02-13
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1285-1300
- ISSN
- 1525-8165 (ISSN-L)
- 1547-3287
- 1557-8534
- PMC
- PMC4046204
- OpenAlex
- W2109344960
- Cited by
- 105
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 1.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Stem Cells and Development (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Pluripotent Stem Cells Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › CRISPR and Genetic Engineering
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Keywords
- induced pluripotent stem cells, reprogramming factors, reprogramming efficiency, retroviral vectors, insertional mutagenesis, transgene silencing, transient transfection, protein transduction, RNA transfection, microRNA transfection, RNA replicon, episomal plasmids, minicircles, endogenous retroviruses
- MeSH terms
- Cell Differentiation, Genetic Vectors, Humans, Transfection, Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental, Cell Culture Techniques, Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells, Cellular Reprogramming
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