Ice Mining in Lunar Permanently Shadowed Regions
Abstract
The Colorado School of Mines has developed a system architecture for a lunar permanently shadowed region (PSR) mining operation to extract and process water ice into liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen propellant. The availability of space-sourced propellants dramatically lowers the cost of space transportation beyond low Earth orbit, enabling the development of a robust commercial economy in cislunar space. A key component of the architecture is an ice extraction method called thermal mining. In thermal mining, ice is sublimated by applying heat directly to the surface and the near subsurface of the PSR, the vapor is captured under a dome-like tent, then directed toward cold traps where it refreezes for transport to a processing system. A simple business case analysis indicates thermal mining of propellants on the Moon can be a profitable commercial enterprise.
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Thermal mining based on solar energy to produce oxygen has been widely favored.
“At present, thermal mining based on solar energy to produce oxygen has been widely favored. 27”
From Energy system and resource utilization in space: A state-of-the-art review (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
Thermal mining methods were proposed for water ice extraction.
“Therefore, thermal mining methods were proposed. 27,90-93”
From Energy system and resource utilization in space: A state-of-the-art review (2024) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Sowers, G. F., & Dreyer, C. B.
- Affiliations
- Colorado School of Mines (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sowers, George F.
- Venue
- New Space
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 235-244
- ISSN
- 2168-0256 (ISSN-L)
- 2168-0264
- OpenAlex
- W2987346675
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 4.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- New Space (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft and Cryogenic Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft Design and Technology
- Keywords
- permanently shadowed regions, sublimation, cold trap, propellant production, cislunar space, space transportation costs, business case analysis, system architecture
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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