Direct evidence of surface exposed water ice in the lunar polar regions
Open accessAbstract
Significance: We found direct and definitive evidence for surface-exposed water ice in the lunar polar regions. The abundance and distribution of ice on the Moon are distinct from those on other airless bodies in the inner solar system such as Mercury and Ceres, which may be associated with the unique formation and evolution process of our Moon. These ice deposits might be utilized as an in situ resource in future exploration of the Moon.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Several lunar exploration programs have shown that the permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) of the Moon may contain water ice.
“In recent years, several lunar exploration programs have shown that the permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) of the moon may contain water ice. 79-81”
From Energy system and resource utilization in space: A state-of-the-art review (2024) · cites this paper as [81]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
de Boor, C. (1978) · Applied mathematical sciences · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-6333-3 · Cited by 12,089 · see citing works
Bidirectional reflectance spectroscopy: 1. Theory
Hapke, B. W. (1981) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jb086ib04p03039 · Cited by 1,904 · see citing works
Correlation of O-H stretching frequencies and O-H…O hydrogen bond lengths in minerals
Libowitzky, E. (1999) · Monatshefte für Chemie - Chemical Monthly · doi:10.1007/bf03354882 · Cited by 963 · see citing works
Pieters, C. M., Goswami, J. N., Clark, R. N., Annadurai, M., Boardman, J., Buratti, B. J., Combe, J., Dyar, M. D., Green, R., Head, J. W., III, et al. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1178658 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Near-Surface Temperatures on Mercury and the Moon and the Stability of Polar Ice Deposits
Vasavada, A. R. (1999) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.1999.6175 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
The global surface temperatures of the Moon as measured by the diviner lunar radiometer experiment
Williams, J.-P., Paige, D. A., Greenhagen, B. T., & Sefton-Nash, E. (2017) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2016.08.012 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Self-citationIce in the lunar polar regions
Arnold, J. R. (1979) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jb084ib10p05659 · Cited by 515 · see citing works
The Planets: Their Origin and Development
Urey, H. C., & Korff, S. A. (1952) · Physics Today · doi:10.1063/1.3067687 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
The behavior of volatiles on the lunar surface
Watson, K., Murray, B. C., & Brown, H. (1961) · Journal of Geophysical Research · doi:10.1029/jz066i009p03033 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
The planets, their origin and development
Levitt, I. M. (1952) · Journal of the Franklin Institute · doi:10.1016/0016-0032(52)90625-x · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Green, R. O., Pieters, C. M., Mouroulis, P. Z., et al. (2011) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2011je003797 · Cited by 356 · see citing works
Optical effects of space weathering: The role of the finest fraction
Pieters, C. M., Fischer, E. M., Родэ, О. Д., & Basu, A. (1993) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/93je02467 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Hayne, P. O., Hendrix, A., Sefton-Nash, E., Siegler, M. A., Lucey, P. G., Retherford, K. D., Williams, J.-P., Greenhagen, B. T., & Paige, D. A. (2015) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.03.032 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Self-citationLi, S., & Milliken, R. E. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1701471 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Self-citationConstraints on the volatile distribution within Shackleton crater at the lunar south pole
Zuber, M. T., Head, J. W., III, Smith, D. E., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11216 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Fisher, E. A., Lucey, P. G., Lemelin, M., Greenhagen, B. T., Siegler, M. A., Mazarico, E., Aharonson, O., Williams, J.-P., Hayne, P. O., Neumann, G. A., et al. (2017) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2017.03.023 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
Self-citationWater frost and ice: The near‐infrared spectral reflectance 0.65–2.5 μm
Clark, R. N. (1981) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/jb086ib04p03087 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Bright and Dark Polar Deposits on Mercury: Evidence for Surface Volatiles
Neumann, G. A., Cavanaugh, J. F., Sun, X., Mazarico, E., Smith, D. E., Zuber, M. T., Mao, D., Paige, D. A., Solomon, S. C., Ernst, C. M., et al. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1229764 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Far‐ultraviolet reflectance properties of the Moon's permanently shadowed regions
Gladstone, G. R., Retherford, K. D., Egan, A. F., Kaufmann, D. E., Miles, P. F., Parker, J. W., Horvath, D. G., Rojas, P. M., Versteeg, M. H., Davis, M. W., et al. (2011) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2011je003913 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationStability of polar frosts in spherical bowl-shaped craters on the Moon, Mercury, and Mars
Ingersoll, A. P., Svítek, T., & Murray, B. C. (1992) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/0019-1035(92)90016-z · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Thermal Stability of Volatiles in the North Polar Region of Mercury
Paige, D. A., Siegler, M. A., Harmon, J. K., Neumann, G. A., Mazarico, E., Smith, D. E., Zuber, M. T., Harju, E. R., Delitsky, M. L., & Solomon, S. C. (2012) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1231106 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Lunar true polar wander inferred from polar hydrogen
Siegler, M. A., Miller, R. S., Keane, J. T., et al. (2016) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature17166 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Li, S., & Milliken, R. E. (2016) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1002/2016je005035 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Self-citationSurface water-ice deposits in the northern shadowed regions of Ceres
Platz, T., Nathues, A., Schörghofer, N., Preusker, F., Mazarico, E., Schröder, S. E., Byrne, S., Kneissl, T., Schmedemann, N., Combe, J., et al. (2016) · Nature Astronomy · doi:10.1038/s41550-016-0007 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Poch, O., Pommerol, A., Jöst, B., Carrasco, N., Szopa, C., & Thomas, N. (2015) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2015.12.017 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Two‐dimensional distribution of volatiles in the lunar regolith from space weathering simulations
Hurley, D. M., Lawrence, D. J., Bussey, D. B. J., VONDRAK, R. R., Elphic, R. C., & Gladstone, G. R. (2012) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1029/2012gl051105 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationNear-Surface Ice on Mercury and the Moon: A Topographic Thermal Model
Salvail, J. R., & Fanale, F. P. (1994) · Icarus · doi:10.1006/icar.1994.1155 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Deutsch, A. N., Neumann, G. A., & Head, J. W. (2017) · Geophysical Research Letters · doi:10.1002/2017gl074723 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Low energy cosmic ray erosion of ice grains in interplanetary and interstellar media
Lanzerotti, L. J., Brown, W. L., Poate, J. M., et al. (1978) · Nature · doi:10.1038/272431a0 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Sensitivity of orbital neutron measurements to the thickness and abundance of surficial lunar water
Lawrence, D. J., Hurley, D. M., Feldman, W. C., et al. (2011) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2010je003678 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationCrites, S. T., Lucey, P. G. G., & Lawrence, D. J. (2013) · Icarus · doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2013.08.003 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationIR reflection–absorption spectra of thin water ice films between 10 and 160 K at low pressure
Schriver, L., Schriver, A., & Hallou, A. (2000) · Journal of Molecular Structure · doi:10.1016/s0022-2860(00)00678-5 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Schörghofer, N., Byrne, S., Landis, M. E., et al. (2017) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/aa932f · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [17]Pieters CM 2009 Character and spatial distribution of OH/H2O on the surface of the Moon seen by M3 on Chandrayaan-1 Science 326 568 572 19779151
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Tabelin, C. B., Dallas, J., Casanova, S., Pelech, T., Bournival, G., Saydam, S., & Canbulat, I. (2021) · Minerals Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2020.106743 · Cited by 533 · see citing works
Isachenkov, M., Chugunov, S., Akhatov, I., & Shishkovsky, I. (2021) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2021.01.005 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Seasonal polar temperatures on the Moon
Williams, J. ‐., Greenhagen, B. T., Paige, D. A., Schorghofer, N., Sefton‐Nash, E., Hayne, P. O., Lucey, P. G., Siegler, M. A., & Aye, K. M. (2019) · Journal of Geophysical Research Planets · doi:10.1029/2019je006028 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
Self-citationLomax, B. A., Conti, M., Khan, N., Bennett, N. S., Ganin, A. Y., & Symes, M. D. (2020) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2019.104748 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Review of techniques for In-Situ oxygen extraction on the moon
Schlüter, L., & Cowley, A. (2020) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2019.104753 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Barker, M. K., Mazarico, E., Neumann, G. A., Smith, D. E., Zuber, M. T., & Head, J. W. (2021) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2020.105119 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Ice Mining in Lunar Permanently Shadowed Regions
Sowers, G. F., & Dreyer, C. B. (2019) · New Space · doi:10.1089/space.2019.0002 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Mills, J. N., Katzarova, M., & Wagner, N. J. (2022) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2021.10.045 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Energy system and resource utilization in space: A state-of-the-art review
Wu, W., Shen, J., Kong, H., Yang, Y., Ren, E., Liu, Z., Wang, W., Dong, M., Han, L., Yang, C., et al. (2024) · The Innovation Energy · doi:10.59717/j.xinn-energy.2024.100029 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationParametric Study of a Lunar Base Power Systems
Kaczmarzyk, M., & Musiał, M. (2021) · Energies · doi:10.3390/en14041141 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Akay, Ö., Bashkatov, A., Coy, E., Eckert, K., Einarsrud, K. E., Friedrich, A., Kimmel, B., Loos, S., Mutschke, G., Röntzsch, L., et al. (2022) · npj Microgravity · doi:10.1038/s41526-022-00239-y · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Investigation on in-situ water ice recovery considering energy efficiency at the lunar south pole
Song, H., Zhang, J., Ni, D., Sun, Y., Zheng, Y., Kou, J., Zhang, X., & Li, Z. (2021) · Applied Energy · doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117136 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Searching for potential ice-rich mining sites on the Moon with the Lunar Volatiles Scout
Biswas, J., Sheridan, S., Pitcher, C., Richter, L., Reganaz, M., Barber, S. J., & Reiss, P. (2020) · Planetary and Space Science · doi:10.1016/j.pss.2019.104826 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Water extraction from icy lunar simulants using low power microwave heating
Cole, J. D., Lim, S., Sargeant, H. M., Sheridan, S., Anand, M., & Morse, A. (2023) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2023.04.035 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Isachenkov, M., Gorokh, I., Makarov, E., Verkhoturov, D., Khmelenko, P., Garzaniti, N., & Golkar, A. (2023) · Advances in Space Research · doi:10.1016/j.asr.2022.07.075 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
- Authors
- Li, S., Lucey, P. G., Milliken, R. E., Hayne, P. O., Fisher, E., Williams, J.-P., Hurley, D. M., & Elphic, R. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa (US)
- Brown University (US)
- University of Colorado Boulder (US)
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Ames Research Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Li, Shuai
- ORCID
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2018-08-20
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 36
- Pages
- 8907-8912
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC6130389
- OpenAlex
- W2888388222
- Cited by
- 625
- References
- 33
- Citations by year
- 2026: 80 · 2025: 97 · 2024: 92 · 2023: 85 · 2022: 81 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 25.46
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Planetary Science and Exploration
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astro and Planetary Science
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Aerospace Engineering › Spacecraft Design and Technology
- Keywords
- lunar water ice, lunar polar regions, in-situ resource utilization, airless bodies, mercury, Ceres
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review