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Cited by 29Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiologyInsects and Parasite InteractionsAntibiotic Resistance in Bacteria

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Salmonella Isolates from Wild-Caught Tokay Geckos ( Gekko gecko ) Imported to the U.S. from Indonesia

Smith, Katherine F., Yabsley, Michael J., Sanchez, Susan, Casey, Christine L., Behrens, Michael D., Hernandez, Sonia M.·2012·Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
DOI 10.1089/vbz.2011.0899
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Abstract

Reptiles account for ∼10% of live animal shipments imported to the United States (U.S.), the majority of which are sold in the pet trade. Characterizing Salmonella shedding by imported reptiles is of value to public health, the pet industry, and veterinary medicine. Here we report results of a pilot survey of Salmonella serotypes isolated from wild-caught Indonesian Tokay geckos ( Gekko gecko ) imported to the U.S. Upon arrival, the geckos were individually housed until a fecal sample was acquired for Salmonella culture. The geckos were divided into three groups with variable numbers to investigate density effects. A second group was imported after 3 months and combined with the previous groups. A total of 88 Salmonella isolates were obtained from 110 geckos surveyed, representing 14 serogroups and 17 unique serotypes. Group prevalence ranged from 31–73%. A significant increase in prevalence and a change in serotype richness were detected between the time of import and 6 months later at necropsy. Six isolates (6.8%) expressed resistance to more than one antibiotic. All S. enterica subsp. enterica Adelaide isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and sulfisoxazole, one S. enterica subsp. arizonae 61:k:z35 isolate was resistant to ampicillin and sulfisoxazole, and another 61:k:z35 isolate was resistant to streptomycin and sulfisoxazole. Forty-three additional isolates expressed resistance only to sulfisoxazole. The mechanisms for increased prevalence and apparent change in serotype richness are unknown, but could be due to stress associated with trade, transport, and captivity, increased transmission from unnaturally high densities, or contact with other species shedding Salmonella along the trade route. Future studies to differentiate the physical, social, and physiological effects of trade-related conditions on Salmonella shedding and transmission among reptiles will benefit the industry by identifying ways to reduce mortality, and safeguard the individuals handling animals along the transport chain and other species encountered en route.

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Metadata

Authors
Smith, K. F., Yabsley, M. J., Sanchez, S., Casey, C. L., Behrens, M. D., & Hernandez, S. M.
Affiliations
  • Brown University (US)
  • University of Georgia (US)
  • University of Georgia
  • Pacific Lutheran University (US)
Corresponding author
Smith, Katherine F.
ORCID
Venue
Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2012-07
Volume
12
Issue
7
Pages
575-582
ISSN
  • 1530-3667 (ISSN-L)
  • 1557-7759
DOI
10.1089/vbz.2011.0899
OpenAlex
W2094861871
Cited by
29
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 2
FWCI
3.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Vector-Borne and Zoonotic Diseases (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Insects and Parasite Interactions
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Microbiology (medical) › Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria
Keywords
Salmonella, Tokay gecko, Gekko gecko, Salmonella serotypes, serogroups, prevalence, antibiotic resistance, sulfisoxazole resistance, Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, reptile trade, pet trade, fecal shedding, density effects
MeSH terms
Animals, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Antigens, Bacterial, DNA, Bacterial, Feces, Female, Georgia, Indonesia, Lizards, Male, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Pilot Projects, Random Allocation, Salmonella, Salmonella Infections, Animal, Serotyping, Stress, Physiological, United States, Prevalence, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Bacterial Shedding

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