The DOI matches its Crossref record; 2 of the 2 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Causality and Explanation
Abstract
Brings together 26 of Salmon's essays, including 7 that have never before been published and others that are difficult to find. Part I (Introductory Essays: Causality, Determinism, and Explanation) comprises five essays that presuppose no formal training in philosophy of science and form a background for subsequent essays. Parts II (Scientific Explanation) and III (Causality) contain Salmon's seminal work on these topics. The essays in Part II present aspects of the evolution of the author's thought about scientific explanation, and include critical examination of the claim that explanations are arguments and a carefully reasoned defense of explanatory asymmetry. Those in Part III develop the details of the theory sketched in Ch. 1. This theory identifies causal connections with physical processes that transmit causal influence from one space‐time location to another, and it incorporates probabilistic features of causality, keeping open the possibility that causality operates in indeterministic contexts. Part IV (Concise Overviews) offers survey articles that discuss advanced material but remain accessible to those outside philosophy of science. Essays in Part V (Applications to Other Disciplines: Archaeology and Anthropology, Astrophysics and Cosmology, and Physics) address specific issues, in particular, scientific disciplines, including the applicability of various models of explanation.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The absence of causality in such statements would draw considerable criticism from philosophers of science (e.g., Salmon 1971Salmon , 1998)).”
From Integrating Archaeological Theory and Predictive Modeling: a Live Report from the Scene (2012) · cites this paper as Salmon 1998
Citations
Cites
Can Quantum-Mechanical Description of Physical Reality Be Considered Complete?
Einstein, A., Podolsky, B., & Rosen, N. (1935) · Physical Review · doi:10.1103/physrev.47.777 · Cited by 16,654
Explanation and Scientific Understanding
Friedman, M. (1974) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2024924 · Cited by 1,386
Research works printed but not linked: 276
- Achinstein,, 1983, The Nature of Explanation
- Alcock,, 1993, Possible Gravitational Microlensing of a Star in the Large Magellanic Cloud,, Nature 365, 10.1038/365621a0 · DOI
- Alston,, 1971, The Place of Explanations of Particular Facts in Science,, Philosophy of Science 38, 10.1086/288337 · DOI
- Aristotle, 1928, Posterior Analytics
- Arnauld,, 1964, The Art of Thinking (Port Royal Logic)
- Asimov,, 1962, The Genetic Code
- Aubourg,, 1993, Evidence for Gravitational Microlensing by Dark Objects in the Galactic Halo,, Nature 365, 10.1038/365623a0 · DOI
- Baring,, 1992, Ignition of X‐ray Flares,, Nature 360, 10.1038/360109a0 · DOI
- Barrow,, 1986, The Anthropic Cosmological Principle
- Bignami,, 1992, Gamma‐ray Power from 3C 279,, Nature 355, 10.1038/355299a0 · DOI
- Binford,, 1972, An Archaeological Perspective
- 1977, For Theory Building in Archaeology
- Binford,, 1977, Bone Frequencies—and Attritional Process,
- Born,, 1969, Physics in My Generation, 10.1007/978-3-662-25189-8 · DOI
- Braithwaite,, 1953, Scientific Explanation
- Brill,, 1938, The Basic Writings of Sigmund Freud
- Brody,, 1975, The Reduction of Teleological Sciences,, American Philosophical Quarterly 12
- Bromberger,, 1966, Mind and Cosmos
- Bunge,, 1963, Causality
- Cairns‐Smith,, 1985, Seven Clues to the Origin of Life
- Cajori,, 1947, Sir Isaac Newton's Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy and his System of the World
- Carnap,, 1950, Logical Foundations of Probability
- 1966, Philosophical Foundations of Physics
- 1974, An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science
- Cartmill,, 1980, John Jones's Pregnancy: Some Comments on the Statistical‐Relevance Model of Scientific Explanation,, American Anthropologist 82, 10.1525/aa.1980.82.2.02a00120 · DOI
- Chaffee,, 1980, The Discovery of a Gravitational Lens,, Scientific American 243, 10.1038/scientificamerican1180-70 · DOI
- Church,, 1940, On the Concept of a Random Sequence,, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 46, 10.1090/S0002-9904-1940-07154-X · DOI
- Clark,, 1961, Venereal Diseases,, Encyclopedia Britannica 23
- Clendinnen,, 1992, Nomic Dependence and Causation,, Philosophy of Science 59, 10.1086/289674 · DOI
- Coffa, J. Alberto. 1973. “Foundations of Inductive Explanation.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh.
- 1974, Hempel's Ambiguity,, Synthese 28, 10.1007/BF00485232 · DOI
- Cohen,, 1975, The Manipulation of Genes,, Scientific American 233, 10.1038/scientificamerican0775-24 · DOI
- Coles,, 1973, Archaeology by Experiment
- Copi,, 1972, Introduction to Logic
- Courvoisier,, 1991, The Quasar 3C 273,, Scientific American 264, 10.1038/scientificamerican0691-50 · DOI
- Crow,, 1979, Genes That Violate Mendel's Rules,, Scientific American 240, 10.1038/scientificamerican0279-134 · DOI
- Darwin,, 1859, The Origin of Species
- 1883, The Descent of Man
- Deetz,, 1967, Invitation to Archaeology
- Dermer,, 1992, Quasars, Blazars, and Gamma Rays,, Science 257, 10.1126/science.257.5077.1642 · DOI
- Descartes,, 1951, Meditations
- Dewdney,, 1979, A Size Limit for Uniformly Pulsating Sources of Electromagnetic Radiation,, Astrophysical Letters 20
- Disney,, 1977, BL Lacertae Objects,, Scientific American 237, 10.1038/scientificamerican0877-32 · DOI
- Dowe,, 1992, An Empiricist Defence of the Causal Account of Explanation,, International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 6, 10.1080/02698599208573420 · DOI
- 1992, Process Causality and Asymmetry,, Erkenntnis 37
- 1992, Wesley Salmon's Process Theory of Causality and the Conserved Quantity Theory,, Philosophy of Science 59, 10.1086/289662 · DOI
- 1995, Causality and Conserved Quantities: A Reply to Salmon,, Philosophy of Science 62, 10.1086/289859 · DOI
- Dumond,, 1980, The Archaeology of Alaska and the Peopling of America,, Science 209, 10.1126/science.209.4460.984 · DOI
- Earman,, 1983, Testing Scientific Theories
- 1986, A Primer on Determinism, 10.1007/978-94-010-9072-8 · DOI
- 1992, Introduction to the Philosophy of Science
- Eddington,, 1959, Space, Time, and Gravitation
- Eells,, 1991, Probabilistic Causality, 10.1017/CBO9780511570667 · DOI
- Einstein,, 1923, The Principle of Relativity
- Fair,, 1979, Causation and the Flow of Energy,, Erkenntnis 14
- Feigl,, 1953, Readings in the Philosophy of Science
- Fetzer,, 1971, PSA 1970, 10.1007/978-94-010-3142-4_30 · DOI
- 1974, PSA 1972, 10.1007/978-94-010-2140-1_23 · DOI
- 1974, A Single Case Propensity Theory of Explanation,, Synthese 28, 10.1007/BF00485234 · DOI
- 1975, On the Historical Explanation of Unique Events,, Theory and Decision 6, 10.1007/BF00139822 · DOI
- 1976, PSA 1974, 10.1007/978-94-010-1449-6_19 · DOI
- 1977, A World of Dispositions,, Synthese 34, 10.1007/BF00485648 · DOI
- 1981, Scientific Knowledge, 10.1007/978-94-009-8558-2 · DOI
- 1991, Four Decades of Scientific Explanation,” Philosophy of Science 58
- 1992, What's Wrong with Salmon's History: The Third Decade,, Philosophy of Science 59, 10.1086/289665 · DOI
- Feynman,, 1963, The Feynman Lectures on Physics
- 1985, QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter
- Flannery,, 1973, Research and Theory in Current Archaeology
- Freud,, 1938, The Interpretation of Dreams
- 1938, The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
- Gamow,, 1961, The Atom and Its Nucleus, 10.1063/1.3057163 · DOI
- GBL. 1974. “Evidence Accumulates for a Black Hole in Cygnus X‐1,” Physics Today 27 (Feb.), pp. 17, 19.
- Giere,, 1984, Understanding Scientific Reasoning
- Good,, 1961, A Causal Calculus I–II,, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 11, 10.1093/bjps/XI.44.305 · DOI
- 1980, Some Comments on Probabilistic Causality,, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 61
- 1983, Good Thinking
- 1985, PSA 1984
- Goodman,, 1955, Fact, Fiction, and Forecast
- Grayson,, 1980, Vicissitudes and Overkill: The Development of Explanations of Pleistocene Extinctions,, Advances in Archaeological Method and Theory 3, 10.1016/B978-0-12-003103-0.50013-7 · DOI
- Greeno,, 1971, Explanation and Information,, 10.2307/j.ctt6wrd9p.7 · DOI
- Greenstein,, 1963, Quasi‐Stellar Radio Sources,, Scientific American 207, 10.1038/scientificamerican1263-54 · DOI
- Griffin,, 1956, Man, Culture, and Society
- Grünbaum,, 1962, Temporally Asymmetric Principles, Parity between Explanation and Prediction, and Mechanism versus Teleology,, Philosophy of Science 29, 10.1086/287858 · DOI
- 1963, Philosophical Problems of Space and Time
- 1967, Modern Science and Zeno's Paradoxes
- 1973, Philosophical Problems of Space and Time, 10.1007/978-94-010-2622-2 · DOI
- Halley,, 1947, The Ode Dedicated to Newton by Edmund Halley.
- Hanna,, 1978, On Transmitted Information as a Measure of Explanatory Power,, Philosophy of Science 45, 10.1086/288834 · DOI
- Hanson,, 1958, Patterns of Discovery
- 1959, On the Symmetry Between Explanation and Prediction,, Philosophical Review 68, 10.2307/2182567 · DOI
- Harré,, 1975, Causal Powers
- Hawking,, 1996, The Nature of Space and Time
- Hempel,, 1965, The Logic of Functional Analysis,
- 1962, Scientific Explanation, Space, and Time
- 1962, Frontiers in Science and Philosophy
- 1965, Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays in the Philosophy of Science
- Hempel,, 1965, Aspects of Scientific Explanation,
- 1966, Philosophy of Natural Science
- Hempel,, 1977, 10.1515/9783110830484 · DOI
- Hempel,, 1965, Studies in the Logic of Explanation,
- Hesslow,, 1976, Two Notes on the Probabilistic Approach to Causality,, Philosophy of Science 43, 10.1086/288684 · DOI
- Hitchcock,, 1993, A Generalized Probabilistic Theory of Causal Relevance,, Synthese 97, 10.1007/BF01064073 · DOI
- 1995, Discussion: Salmon on Explanatory Relevance,, Philosophy of Science 62, 10.1086/289858 · DOI
- 1996, A Probabilistic Theory of Second Order Causation,, Erkenntnis 44, 10.1007/BF00167664 · DOI
- Hoffmann,, 1964, Fluctuating Brightness of Quasi‐Stellar Radio Sources,, Science 144, 10.1126/science.144.3616.319 · DOI
- Holton,, 1973, Introduction to Concepts and Theories in Physical Science
- Hume,, 1888, A Treatise of Human Nature
- 1955, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
- Humphreys,, 1980, Cutting the Causal Chain,, Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 61, 10.1111/j.1468-0114.1980.tb00022.x · DOI
- 1981, Aleatory Explanation,, Synthese 48, 10.1007/BF01063888 · DOI
- 1983, PSA 1982
- 1985, Why Propensities Cannot Be Probabilities., Philosophical Review 94, 10.2307/2185246 · DOI
- 1989, The Chances of Explanation
- Hutchings,, 1985, Observational Evidence for Black Holes,, American Scientist 73
- Irving,, 1973, Upper Pleistocene Radiocarbon‐Dated Artifacts from the Northern Yukon,, Science 179, 10.1126/science.179.4071.335 · DOI
- Jeffrey,, 1971, Statistical Explanation vs. Statistical Inference,, 10.2307/j.ctt6wrd9p.5 · DOI
- Kiev,, 1964, Magic, Faith, and Healing
- King,, 1976, Statistical Relevance and Explanatory Classification,, Philosophical Studies 30, 10.1007/BF00357929 · DOI
- Kitcher,, 1976, Explanation, Conjunction, and Unification,, Journal of Philosophy 73, 10.2307/2025559 · DOI
- 1981, Explanatory Unification,, Philosophy of Science 48, 10.1086/289019 · DOI
- 1985, Two Approaches to Explanation,, Journal of Philosophy 82, 10.2307/2026419 · DOI
- 1989, Explanatory Unification and the Causal Structure of the World,
- 1993, The Advancement of Science
- Kitcher,, 1987, Van Fraassen on Explanation,, Journal of Philosophy 84, 10.2307/2026782 · DOI
- 1989, Scientific Explanation
- Kniffen,, 1993, The Gamma‐Ray Universe,, American Scientist 81
- Kuhn,, 1962, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions
- Kyburg,, 1970, Induction, Acceptance, and Rational Belief, 10.1007/978-94-010-3390-9_4 · DOI
- Laplace,, 1951, A Philosophical Essay on Probabilities
- LeBlanc,, 1973, Research and Theory in Current Archaeology
- Lehman,, 1972, Statistical Explanation,, Philosophy of Science 39, 10.1086/288471 · DOI
- Lewin,, 1977, X‐Ray Outbursts in Our Galaxy,, American Scientist 65
- Lewis,, 1973, Causation,, Journal of Philosophy 70, 10.2307/2025310 · DOI
- Lin,, 1992, Astrophysical Journal 401, 10.1086/186671 · DOI
- Lo,, 1986, The Galactic Center: Is It a Massive Black Hole?, Science 233, 10.1126/science.233.4771.1394 · DOI
- Locke,, 1924, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding
- Loeb,, 1974, Causal Theories and Causal Overdetermination,, Journal of Philosophy 71, 10.2307/2025296 · DOI
- Lucretius, 1951, On the Nature of the Universe
- Mackie,, 1974, The Cement of the Universe
- Madsen,, 1964, Magic, Faith, and Healing
- Maffei,, 1980, Monsters in the Sky, 10.1063/1.2913869 · DOI
- Maran,, 1992, Astronomy and Astrophysics Encyclopedia
- Martin,, 1973, The Archaeology of Arizona
- Mayr,, 1988, The Limits of Reductionism,, Nature 331, 10.1038/331475a0 · DOI
- Meehan,, 1968, Explanation in Social Science—A System Paradigm
- Mellor,, 1976, Probable Explanation,, Australasian Journal of Philosophy 54, 10.1080/00048407612341241 · DOI
- Mermin,, 1981, Quantum Mysteries for Anyone,, Journal of Philosophy 78, 10.2307/2026482 · DOI
- ——. 1985. “Is the Moon There When Nobody Looks? Reality and the Quantum Theory,” Physics Today 38 (Apr.), pp. 38–47. 411 · DOI · Paper page
- Mill,, 1843, A System of Logic
- Miller,, 1989, Detection of Microvariability for BL Lacertae Objects,, Nature 337, 10.1038/337627a0 · DOI
- Misner,, 1973, Gravitation
- Morris,, 1972, The Remarkable Birth of the Planet Earth
- Mühlhölzer,, 1994, Logic, Language, and the Structure of Scientific Theories
- Nagel,, 1961, The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation, 10.1119/1.1937571 · DOI
- Newton,, 1947, Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy
- Nye,, 1972, Molecular Reality
- Olmsted,, 1971, Out of the Mouth of Babes, 10.1515/9783110819328 · DOI
- Otte,, 1981, A Critique of Suppes' Theory of Probabilistic Causality,, Synthese 48, 10.1007/BF01063885 · DOI
- Pauling,, 1959, No More War
- 1970, Vitamin C and the Common Cold
- Pearson,, 1957, The Grammar of Science
- Perrin,, 1913, Les Atomes
- 1916, Atoms.
- Popper,, 1935, Logik der Forschung, 10.1007/978-3-7091-4177-9 · DOI
- 1957, Observation and Interpretation
- Popper,, 1959, The Logic of Scientific Discovery
- 1972, Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary Approach
- Powell,, 1993, Inconstant Cosmos,, Scientific American 268, 10.1038/scientificamerican0593-110 · DOI
- Prigogine,, 1984, Order Out of Chaos
- Quine,, 1953, From a Logical Point of View
- Radcliffe‐Brown,, 1967, The Andaman Islanders
- 1965, Structure and Function in Primitive Society
- Railton,, 1978, A Deductive‐Nomological Model of Probabilistic Explanation,, Philosophy of Science 45, 10.1086/288797 · DOI
- ——. 1980. “Explaining Explanation: A Realist Account of Scientific Explanation and Understanding.” Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University.
- 1981, Probability, Explanation, and Information,, Synthese 48, 10.1007/BF01063889 · DOI
- Redman,, 1973, Research and Theory in Current Archeology
- Reichenbach,, 1957, The Philosophy of Space and Time
- 1938, Experience and Prediction
- 1946, Philosophic Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
- 1956, The Direction of Time
- Remillard,, 1991, A Rapid Energetic X‐Ray Flare in the Quasar PKSO558‐504,, Nature 350, 10.1038/350589a0 · DOI
- Rescher,, 1958, On Prediction and Explanation,, British Journal for the Philosophy of Science 8, 10.1093/bjps/VIII.32.281 · DOI
- 1969, Essays in Honor of Carl G. Hempel, 10.1007/978-94-017-1466-2 · DOI
- 1970, Scientific Explanation
- Rice, G. E. 1975. “A Systematic Explanation of a Change in Mogollon Settlement Patterns.” Ph.D. dissertation, University of Washington.
- Rosen,, 1978, In Defense of a Probabilistic Theory of Causality,, Philosophy of Science 45, 10.1086/288838 · DOI
- Ross‐Ashby,, 1956, An Introduction to Cybernetics, 10.5962/bhl.title.5851 · DOI · Paper page
- Russell,, 1922, Our Knowledge of the External World
- Russell,, 1922, The Problem of Infinity Considered Historically,
- 1927, The Analysis of Matter.
- 1929, Mysticism and Logic
- 1948, Human Knowledge, Its Scope and Limits
- Salmon,, 1982, Theory and Explanation in Archaeology
- Salmon,, 1979, Alternative Models of Scientific Explanation,, American Anthropologist 81, 10.1525/aa.1979.81.1.02a00050 · DOI
- Salmon,, 1965, The Status of Prior Probabilities in Statistical Explanation,, Philosophy of Science 32, 10.1086/288033 · DOI
- 1967, The Foundations of Scientific Inference
- 1968, The Problem of Inductive Logic, 10.1016/S0049-237X(08)71042-5 · DOI
- 1968, The Problem of Inductive Logic
- 1970, Zeno's Paradoxes
- Salmon,, 1970, The Nature and Function of Scientific Theories
200 of 276 shown
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The misunderstood limits of folk science: An illusion of explanatory depth
Rozenblit, L., & Keil, F. (2002) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2605_1 · Cited by 1,032
Interpreting Causality in the Health Sciences
Russo, F., & Williamson, J. (2007) · International Studies in the Philosophy of Science · doi:10.1080/02698590701498084 · Cited by 549
Integrating Archaeological Theory and Predictive Modeling: a Live Report from the Scene
Verhagen, P., & Whitley, T. G. (2012) · Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory · doi:10.1007/s10816-011-9102-7 · Cited by 190
Burton-Jones, A., McLean, E. R., & Monod, E. (2015) · European Journal of Information Systems · doi:10.1057/ejis.2014.31 · Cited by 167
Love, P. E. D., Ahiaga-Dagbui, D. D., & Irani, Z. (2016) · Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2016.08.007 · Cited by 138
Metadata
- Authors
- Salmon, W. C.
- Publisher
- Oxford University PressNew York
- Published
- 1998-05-07
- Cited by
- 499
- References
- 2
- Language
- en
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review