The Theory of Open Quantum Systems
Abstract
Abstract This book treats the central physical concepts and mathematical techniques used to investigate the dynamics of open quantum systems. To provide a self-contained presentation, the text begins with a survey of classical probability theory and with an introduction to the foundations of quantum mechanics, with particular emphasis on its statistical interpretation and on the formulation of generalized measurement theory through quantum operations and effects. The fundamentals of density matrix theory, quantum Markov processes, and completely positive dynamical semigroups are developed. The most important master equations used in quantum optics and condensed matter theory are derived and applied to the study of many examples. Special attention is paid to the Markovian and non-Markovian theory of environment induced decoherence, its role in the dynamical description of the measurement process, and to the experimental observation of decohering electromagnetic field states. The book includes the modern formulation of open quantum systems in terms of stochastic processes in Hilbert space. Stochastic wave function methods and Monte Carlo algorithms are designed and applied to important examples from quantum optics and atomic physics. The fundamentals of the treatment of non-Markovian quantum processes in open systems are developed on the basis of various mathematical techniques, such as projection superoperator methods and influence functional techniques. In addition, the book expounds the relativistic theory of quantum measurements and the density matrix theory of relativistic quantum electrodynamics.
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H_LS always commutes with H_S.
“Moreover, it always commutes with H S [8].”
From Fundamentals of quantum mechanics in Liouville space (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
The equations of motion for the density matrix for relaxation processes are often linear but often not amenable to easy resolution.
“the equations of motion for the density matrix for such relaxation processes are often linear in the former, they are often not amenable to easy resolution.”
From Fundamentals of quantum mechanics in Liouville space (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
For ρ(t) defined on a finite-dimensional state space of dimension d, the GKSL equation reads [5,6,7,8] (191).
“For ρ ( t ) defined on a finite-dimensional state space of dimension d , the GKSL equation reads [5, 6, 7, 8]”
From Fundamentals of quantum mechanics in Liouville space (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
The solution to a quantum Markovian master equation like the quantum optical master equation (237) may be written in the Kraus operator sum form (289) for ρS ∈ Hd.
“It is known that the solution to a quantum Markovian master equation like the quantum optical master equation under consideration, (237), may be written in the form (for ρ S ∈ H d )[6, 8, 58, 59, 60, 61]:”
From Fundamentals of quantum mechanics in Liouville space (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
Equation (237) has the properties of a quantum Markovian master equation: the time-evolution of the system is independent of its past history.
“Equation (237) has the properties of what is called quantum Markovian master equation : these are master equations where - among other properties which are beyond our scope here - the time-evolution of the system is independent of its past history.”
From Fundamentals of quantum mechanics in Liouville space (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
After a chain of algebraic manipulations, approximations, and tracing out radiation, one arrives at equation (237) for TLS density matrix.
“What interests us is that, after a chain of algebraic manipulations, introduction of some approximations and assumptions, and tracing out of the radiation field's degrees of freedom, one arrives at the following equation of motion for the TLS' density matrix ρ S ( t ) ∈ H S (in the Schr¨ odinger picture) [8, 57]:”
From Fundamentals of quantum mechanics in Liouville space (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
The second term in (237) describes the TLS' relaxation due to its interaction with the radiation field.
“The second term in (237) describes the TLS' relaxation due to its interaction with the radiation field, and it is given by the expression [8, 57]”
From Fundamentals of quantum mechanics in Liouville space (2020) · cites this paper as [8]
Non-Markovian effects become important when the relaxation time of the system is comparable to the relaxation time of the environment.
“Non-Markovian (or memory) effects become important when the relaxation time of the system is comparable to the relaxation time of the environment [25,26].”
From Quantum Speed Limit for Non-Markovian Dynamics (2013) · cites this paper as [25]
The actual dynamics of any real open quantum system is expected to deviate to some extent from the idealized Markovian evolution that arises from weak or singular coupling to a memoryless reservoir.
“The actual dynamics of any real open quantum system is expected to deviate to some extent from the idealized Markovian evolution that arises from the conditions of weak (or singular) coupling to a memoryless reservoir [1, 2].”
From Entanglement and Non-Markovianity of Quantum Evolutions (2010) · cites this paper as [2]
The conclusion is not only restricted to the above physical model; it can also be used to explain the phenomenon illustrated in Ref. [16].
“We note that our conclusion is not only restricted to the above physical model, it can also be used to explain the phenomenon illustrated in Ref. [16], where the optimal trace distance for non-Markovianity of a two-level atom resonantly coupled to a leaky single model cavity is found to be D t = | b t | = √ P t [25].”
From Quantum speedup in a memory environment (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
For a two-level atom resonantly coupled to a leaky single mode cavity, the optimal trace distance for non-Markovianity is D_t = |b_t| = √P_t.
“where the optimal trace distance for non-Markovianity of a two-level atom resonantly coupled to a leaky single model cavity is found to be D t = | b t | = √ P t [25].”
From Quantum speedup in a memory environment (2014) · cites this paper as [25]
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- Authors
- Breuer, H.-P., & Petruccione, F.
- Affiliations
- University of Freiburg (DE)
- University of KwaZulu-Natal (ZA)
- Publisher
- Oxford University PressOxford
- Published
- 2007-01-25
- OpenAlex
- W1578322733
- Cited by
- 5,938
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 240 · 2025: 369 · 2024: 303 · 2023: 260 · 2022: 286 · 2021: 386 · 2020: 332 · 2019: 368 · 2018: 289 · 2017: 296 · 2016: 354 · 2015: 303 · 2014: 312 · 2013: 316 · 2012: 281
- FWCI
- 64.38
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics › Quantum Mechanics and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Quantum Information and Cryptography
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Statistical and Nonlinear Physics › Advanced Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
- Keywords
- open quantum systems, quantum measurement theory, quantum operations, quantum effects, density matrix theory, quantum Markov processes, master equation, environmental decoherence, non-Markovian dynamics, Monte Carlo methods, influence functional, relativistic quantum electrodynamics, statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics
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