Multiculturalism and the Welfare State

“My argument is not the more common one that immigration and ethnic diversity undermine support for the welfare state (see Barry 2001; Phillips 1999; and counterarguments in Banting and Kymlicka 2006).”

“(This and the following lists of multicultural policies are taken from the index of multicultural policies developed in Banting and Kymlicka 2006): recognition of land rights and title recognition of self-government rights upholding historic treaties and/or signing new treaties recognition of…”

“Journal compilation © 2010 Political Studies Association POLITICAL STUDIES: 2010, 58(1) ethnically and religiously different to themselves (see Banting and Kymlicka, 2006 for a review).”

“We have found, for example, contrary to much speculation, that MCPs have not had a negative effect on the strength of the welfare state (Banting and Kymlicka, 2006).”

“The question of the relation between ethnic heterogeneity and welfare state solidarity has been extensively debated (for a discussion see Banting and Kymlicka, 2006).”

“While accepting that there is a potential conflict between ethnic diversity and solidarity, a number of authors have challenged the universality or inevitably of such tensions ~Banting and Kymlicka, 2006; Crepaz, 2008; Taylor-Gooby, 2005; Mau and Burkardt, 2009!.”

“…on the relationship between cultura diversity and economic redistribution which has shown that a strong welfare state calls for the definition of clear boundaries between national citizens who are entitled to benefits and those who are not (see Alesina & Glaeser, 2004; Banting & Kymlicka, 2006).”

“Their largely negative findings have further influenced the normative claims and ultimate prescriptions (Banting & Kymlicka, 2006; see also Soroka et al., 2016).”

“…variation in historical traditions and natives’ attitudes toward diversity shape the extent to which migrants are viewed as legitimate actors in mainstream society which affects the extent to which migrants feel a part of the host society (Koopmans et al., 2005; Banting and Kymlicka, 2006).”

“As countries become more ethnically and racially diverse, there is increasing concern over continued public support for a shared social safety net (Van Parijs 2004; Soroka et al. 2006; Banting & Kymlicka 2006; Goodhart 2006; Banting et al. 2006; Crepaz 2007; Koopmans 2010).”

“As an attitudinal stance it opposes inclusionary welfare policies (Andersen and Bjørklund, 1990; Banting and Kymlicka, 2006).”

“More precisely, they warned that “it is very difficult to get public support for multiculturalism policies if the groups that are the main beneficiaries of these policies are perceived to be carriers of illiberal cultural in order to maintain these practices” (Banting & Kymlicka, 2006, p. 54).”

“As foreigners make up an increasing proportion of populations in these democracies, many have asked whether immigration undermines the social solidarity required to maintain popular support for the welfare state (e.g. Banting and Kymlicka, 2006; Eger, 2010).”

“In fact, there is no evidence that the pursuit of multicultural policies and the granting of special rights have lowered welfare spending (Banting and Kymlicka 2006).”

“(Chang 2007: 9) Proponents of multiculturalism (Banting and Kymlicka 2006), conversely, have argued that ethnic diversity does not inevitably lead to the decline of the welfare state.”

“One perspective stresses that multicultural policies would improve the integration of migrants into host societies (Banting and Kymlicka 2006; Wright and Bloemraad 2012).”

“Although comparative politics research has been attentive to the relationships between ethnic diversity and redistribution (e.g., Banting and Kymlicka 2006), and ethnicity and clientelism (e.g., Chandra 2007), the political economy of race in theUnitedStates, a roadof inquirypaved in large part by…”

“The effects of MCPs on the welfare state have been extensively analysed by Banting and Kymlicka (2006).”

“Banting and Kymlicka (2006) summarized many of these critiques and offered evidence that weakens them.”

“…and earlier cross-national work that I conducted with Keith Banting suggested that multiculturalism policies may have a positive effect on redistribution ~Banting and Kymlicka, 2006!.12 So it seems that there is at least some plausible evidence in support of the liberal multiculturalist hypothesis.”

“…göç politikası ölçekleri göç rejimleri konusunda daha doğru girdiler sağlayan gerçek göç sonuçlarını ele almak yerine çok kültürlülüğün konu başlıkları (Banting & Kymlicka, 2006a; 2006b) veya Karşılaştırmalı Parti Manifesto Dataset’ ten türetilen parti politikası platformları üzerine yoğunlaşmış…”

“…have triggered an expanding debate about the consequences of diversity for community and social cohesion in liberal democracies ~see, for example, Banting and Kymlicka, 2006; Putnam 2007!. Journalists, policy makers and ideologues have repeatedly expressed their fears of increasingly complex…”

“This criticism has been called the ‘recognition-redistribution trade-off ’ (Banting & Kymlicka, 2006) as it suggests a trade-off between the recognition of diversity on the one hand and the maintenance of social unity and socioeconomic redistribution on the other.”

“…restrictive than its naturalization and admission policies; and Switzerland, finally, combines an open admission policy with restrictive naturalization and integration policies (Koopmans and Statham 2000; McHale 2003; Banting and Kymlicka 2006; Becker, Liebig and Sousa-Poza 2008; Marthaler 2008).”

“In the past decade, the so-called ‘death of multiculturalism’ media discourse in Western Europe has been reconstructed by various scholars (Meer and Modood 2009; Rattansi 2011, 4; Banting and Kymlicka 2006; Kymlicka 2012, 15; Gilroy 2012, 385; Heath and Demireva 2014).”

“Furthermore, we should be wary of generalizing evidence that may be specific to the American setting in which it has been obtained, especially in light of past US experiences with racial conflict (Banting and Kymlicka, 2006a: 27–9; Hooghe et al., 2009: 202).”

“According to Kymlicka (1996) and Banting and Kymlicka (2006), ethnic groups can be divided into three categories, based on three “sources of multiculturalism”: national minorities, immigrants, and indigenous ethnic groups.”

“…‘retreat from multiculturalism’ (Joppke 2004), the ‘return of assimilation’ (Brubaker 2001), or the continuing reality of multicultural policies (Banting and Kymlicka 2006), and political responses to immigration and increased racial diversity, particularly by political parties and social…”

“Other institutional arrangements such as representational structures and multicultural versus assimilation policies also matter (Banting and Kymlicka, 2006; Modood, Triandafyllidou and Zapata-Barrero, 2006).”

“Banting and Kymlicka (2006) reveal various areas of tension between migration and welfare states, such as the need for a clear demarcation of those who are eligible for benefits and for a form of national solidarity as a foundation for welfare states.”

“First, diversity corrodes trust, and second, lack of trust diminishes solidarity, which leads to a decrease in welfare state support because people do not want to redistribute resources to people they do not trust and with whom they do not identify (Banting and Kymlicka 2006).”

“Previous research has disputed this claim (Banting and Kymlicka, 2006), and our results also cast doubt on it.”

“Unlike the debates that have characterized the study of multiculturalism policies in welfare states, I am not attempting to assess whether there is a trade-off between redistribution, on the one hand, and support for diversity, on the other ~Banting, 2010; Banting and Kymlicka, 2006!.”

“There are also efforts to measure whether multiculturalism reduces solidarity and redistribution (Banting and Kymlicka 2006),5 but this is not quite the same question.”

“Beside this trade-off effect between welfare and migration-related issues that has also been referred to as a “crowding-out effect” (Banting & Kymlicka, 2006, p. 10; see also Evans, 2006), we expect a secondary effect of the salience of migration-related issues.”

“…leading to three forms of “multiculturalism” pertaining to different ethnic groups: national minorities, immigrants, and indigenous peoples (Banting & Kymlicka, 2006).3 First, multiethnicity may be a result of historical processes of nation-building and border-drawing, leading to…”

“A considerable amount of studies have interrogated the effects of immigration on support for the welfare state (e.g., Alesina & Glaeser, 2004; Banting & Kymlicka, 2006).”

“Indeed, Banting and Kymlicka (2006) point to a relationship between antimulticulturalism and illiberal practices perceived to be manifested within the kind of culture that is being accommodated.”

“Multicultural policies grant special rights to immigrants in order to recognise their collective cultural identities (Banting and Kymlicka 2006b, 2013).”

“This financial and social friction between migration and the welfare state is sometimes referred to as the migration/welfare-state paradox (Bommes and Geddes, 2000; Banting and Kymlicka, 2006; Brochmann and Hagelund, 2012; Carmel et al., 2012; Koning, 2013).”

“Immigration advocates tend to oppose that view and argue that immigrants should be allowed to keep their culture (Banting and Kymlicka 2006, 2017; Koopmans et al., 2012).”

“A multicultural reality presents challenges for many contemporary democracies (Banting and Kymlicka, 2006; Wieviorka, 1998), where minorities’ trust in government and its institutions are often lower than that of mainstream society.”

“This is also a long standing area of study outside of economics (Banting and Kymlicka 2006).”

“In their extensive assessment of multiculturalism Banting and Kymlicka (2006) oppose the concept of recognition to that of redistribution.”

“The Multiculturalism Policy Index by Banting and colleagues (Banting and Kymlicka 2006) provides a cross-national assessment of the extent of multicultural policies.”

“Originally presented in Banting and Kymlicka (2006) as a tool to measure and compare”

“In the international debate on these issues, it is often taken for granted that liberal integration policies and easy access to a formal citizenship increase social and political integration (e.g. Banting & Kymlicka, 2006; Bloemraad, 2006).”

“…outcomes with respect to immigrants’ political participation in their new home countries (Bloemraad 2006; Wright and Bloemraad 2012), and on welfare state solidarity (Banting and Kymlicka 2006), while others hold that the effect on various forms of participation has been negligible (Koopmans 2013).”

“Banting and Kymlicka (2006, 2011, 2013) state that multiculturalism ‘covers a wide range of policies. what they have in common is that they go beyond the protection of the basic civil and political rights guaranteed to all individuals in 601© 2013 Macmillan Publishers Ltd. 1472-4790 Comparative…”

“The view that multicultural policies, which include but are not limited to federal arrangements, restrict the development of welfare states has been challenged (see Banting & Kymlicka, 2006).”

“It is only recently that some scholars have begun to explore the impact of immigration on welfare states, with mixed findings (Banting and Kymlicka, 2006; Crepaz, 2008).”

“Political affiliations and ideologies intersect with the identity formation of second-generation South Asians overseas, particularly in relation to issues such as immigration policy, transnational activism and homeland politics (Banting and Kymlicka 2006).”

“…Jenson’s report (Jenson, 1998), a number of publications by William Kymlicka, Keith Banting, Richard Johnston and Stuart Soroka (among others Banting, 2005; Banting and Kymlicka, 2006; and Kymlicka, 1995, 1998) and Evigail Eisenberg’s survey article (Eisenberg, 2002) are interesting contributions.”