Multiculturalism and the Welfare State

“Typically, multicultural policy measures pay special attention to the social integration of three types of minorities: immigrant groups, historic national minorities, and indigenous peoples (Banting & Kymlicka, 2006).”

“Email: beatrice.eugster@ikmb.unibe.ch end, they affect social solidarity and cohesion within a society (Banting and Kymlicka, 2006).”

“Multiculturalist policies encompass extensions to basic civil and political rights to include a level of public recognition and support for minority groups (Banting and Kymlicka 2006).”

“…terms is very clear: if migrants are culturally more different from the native population this should increase cultural concerns which would eventually lead to less support for redistribution among natives by making in-group/out-group classifications easier to draw (Banting and Kymlicka, 2006).”

“Second, in diversity studies, solidarity has been connected to what Banting and Kymlicka (2006) label as corroding effect of the multicultural project.”

“Yet, assimilation was Gunnar Myrdal’s preferred policy because of his views that uniformization was the best mean of attaining equality and, fighting poverty rather than cultural pluralism (1974; see Banting and Kymlicka 2006, 10, 11 for a theoretical discussion).”

“In the blossoming field of social solidarity, diversity and support for redistribution, group identity is captured exclusively through Canadians’ national, rather than racial, identities (for example, Banting and Kymlicka, 2006; Banting, 2010; Johnston et al., 2010).”

“In the United Kingdom, this fear—which is not yet based on any evidence (Banting and Kymlicka 2006; Chauvin et al. 2009)—probably escalated due to the rise of health care as a share of gross domestic product (GDP) since 2000, reaching the average current EU level in 2004, whereas it was 10% less…”

“…the idea of a society where everyone is accepted, they are simultaneously concerned about immigrants not wanting to adopt Canadian values and expect immigrants to make an observable effort to become citizens and to internalize the national narrative (for example, Banting and Kymlicka, 2006).”

“For the welfare state area, the key work is undoubtedly Banting and Kymlicka (2006).”

“…or value-related heterogeneity on social cohesion has been contested: some researchers claim that, although social cohesion is needed to uphold democratic institutions, heterogeneity does not necessarily negatively affect social cohesion (Banting & Kymlicka, 2006; Helly, 2003; Stanley, 2003).”

“Immigrant multicultural- ism policies from Banting and Kymlicka (2006).”

“…can be a constituent part of the act of state-building, and a common platform of subnationalist political movements, as has been well-documented in the cases of Quebec (Banting 2005; Banting and Kymlicka 2006), Scotland (Béland and Lecours 2010; McEwen 2002), India (Singh 2016) and beyond.”

“On this kind of policies see Banting and Kymlicka (2006).”

“For example, the country ’ s migration policies (Banting & Kymlicka, 2006) or welfare regime (Larsen, 2011) may mitigate the link.”

“In addition to the “hidden welfare state” (Howard 1997), the link between immigration and social policy has become a central issue in contemporary welfare state debates (Banting and Kymlicka 2006; Freeman and Mirilovic 2016).”

“Such trade-offs between heterogeneity and redistribution are particularly acute in the USA due to the country’s long history of racial injustice and may not operate in the same way beyond the American context (Banting and Kymlicka 2006).”

“…freedom over respect for cultural traditions, (3) the building of inclusive national identities over the recognition of ancestral cultural identities and (4) cultural change and cultural mixing over the reification of static cultural differences (Banting and Kymlicka, 2006; Kymlicka, 2012).”

“Typically, multicultural policy measures pay special attention to the social integration of three types of minorities: immigrant groups, historic national minorities, and indigenous peoples (Banting and Kymlicka 2006).”

“…and political rights guaranteed to all individuals in a liberal-democratic state, and to extend some level of public recognition and support for ethno-cultural and ethno-religious minorities in order that they may maintain and express their distinctive identities (Banting and Kymlicka, 2006: 1).”

“…for the expectation that immigration reduces support for social welfare and hence little evidence for a heterogeneity – redistribution trade-off (Banting and Kymlicka, 2006; Brady and Finnigan, 2014; Hjerm and Schnabel, 2012; Mewes and Mau 2013), welfare chauvinism is wide-spread among the…”

“This index accounts for most of the nine critical indigenous peoples’ rights found in the index of multicultural policies developed in Banting and Kymlicka (2006).”

“…the philosophical and political economy literature, respectively, debate on the conflicting relations between multiculturalism, and the welfare state (Banting and Kymlicka 2006) has culminated in what has been qualified as a ‘progressive dilemma’ (Ascherson 2006; Goodhart 2004; Pathak 2007, 2008).”

“One of the most promising alternative indices is the Indicators of Citizenship Rights for Immigrants (ICRI), which focuses more on religious and cultural group rights than the MPI (Koopmans 2013).”

“A second line of research which aims to identify views of desirable features of society and related policies refers to attitudes towards “ multiculturalism ” (Banting and Kymlicka 2006; Goodman and Alarian 2021; Verkuyten 2009).”

“…is little evidence to support the contention that increasing ethnic diversity as such has adverse effects on established welfare states (Banting & Kymlicka 2006), a growing chorus of commentators have argued that ethnic/racial diversity makes it more difficult to sustain redistributive policies.”

“…one of the most salient policy challenges facing Europe and a number of policy mechanisms, namely ‘language acquisition programmes… anti-discrimination laws, education training, labour market institutions and policies…’ have been put in place (Banting and Kymlicka 2006, p. 43) as remedial measures.”

“Although extant studies do not agree on the specific conditions that are more likely to discourage “welfare chauvinism”, they indicate some of the trade-offs that characterize current immigration policy frameworks and their potential impact on inter-ethnic relations (Banting and Kymlicka 2006).”

“To avoid the problem of categorical definitions, a group of studies decouple immigration policies from nationalism and focus on the convergence and divergence of the policies themselves (e.g. Koopmans, Michalowski, and Waibel 2012; Joppke 2007; Banting and Kymlicka 2006).”

“For multiculturalism policies, Banting and Kymlicka (2006) have built a comprehensive index composed of scores on eight different policy areas (multicultural policy index [MPI]).”

“…turn and incorporated contributions from the social sciences to assess the extent to which multicultural policies (a) impact the welfare state (Banting and Kymlicka 2006, 2013); (b) have proliferated in the last decades despite the alleged ‘retreat of multiculturalism’ (Joppke 2007; Banting…”

“Many more studies of composite group integration exist, dealing with issues such as immigrants, employment, the welfare state (Banting and Kymlicka, 2006) and so on.”

“Others measure social policies aimed at protecting group rights (Banting and Kymlicka, 2006; Koopmans, 2010) or social attitudes toward ethnic groups (Citrin and Sears, 2014).”

“Summarizing the argument that policies that recognize and accommodate ethnic diversity weaken the welfare state, Banting and Kymlicka (2006) write that citizens have historically supported the welfare state, and been willing to make sacrifices to support their disadvantaged co-citizens because they…”

“Recognizing this, the multiculturalist cannot deny his or her civic responsibility to dominated groups, and it is here that we witness the convergence of anti-racist movements and the multicultural ideal (Banting and Kymlicka 2006; Figueroa 1999).”

“…of different 11 Several empirical studies show that this dilemma is indeed not inevitable: Van Parijs 2004; Taylor-Gooby 2005; Rothstein 2005; Banting & Kymlicka 2006; Letski 2007; Soroka et al. 2007a, b; Hooghe et al. 2009; Gesthuizen et al. 2009. backgrounds in several activities and…”

“Fairclough in particular regards texts and objects (such as the analysed websites) as “order[s] of dis-course”, contextually ordered in time and space, and subject to social interaction (Banting and Kymlicka 2006: 276).”