Qualitative Interviewing

“Qualitative interviews are intended to provide ample opportunity for participants’ voices to be at the forefront (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“Semi-structured interviews were selected, as they provide flexibility and allow the topics that emerge “organically” to transition from discussion to indepth exploration (Drever, 1995; Brinkmann, 2013).”

“The first two authors conducted face-to-face semi-structured interviews to triangulate the obtained questionnaire data and the MFRM results (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“…many subjects as necessary to find out what you need to know’ (Kvale and Brinkmann, 2009: 113), yet we also agreed on the advice that ‘fewer interviews that are thoroughly analysed are preferable to many interviews that are only superficially explored’ (Wolcott, 2009: 95 in Brinkmann, 2013: 59).”

“Semi-structured interviews We used a semi-structured approach to interviewing to support knowledge-producing potentials of dialogues by allowing a flexible development of the interview based on interviewee reactions, engagement, and subjective importance of topics (Brinkmann 2013).”

“Compared to structured interviews which use pre-determined questions with fixed wording to ask each respondent the same thing, semi-structured interviews allow for more flexibility in terms of structure, question design, order and wording (Brinkmann 2013).”

“The interviews lasted 62 minutes on average (47–81) and were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim (clean, word-to-word) by the first author (Åkerlind, 2008; Brinkmann, 2013).”

“Data for the study was collected by using semi-structured interviews (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“The analysis below draws on 26 semi-structured interviews (see Brinkmann, 2013, Rubin and Rubin, 2012) conducted between February and October 2018 with policy actors (parliamentarians, civil servants, civil society actors and academics) in Edinburgh and London, which focussed on the range of topics…”

“The interview protocol focused on stakeholders’ experiences as recommended by Brinkmann (2013) and was structured into four topic areas; namely PLF views, practical application, limitations and concerns, and future innovations (see Appendix 1).”

“The article draws on 26 semi-structured interviews (Brinkmann, 2013; Rubin and Rubin, 2012), conducted by the first author with policy actors in London and Edinburgh between February and October 2018.”

“Semi-structured interviews (group and individual) were conducted to enable an in-depth exploration of participants’ views, experiences and needs about this sensitive topic [29, 30].”

“…· 4: RA expectations and training on in-depth interview methods (Brinkmann, 2013; Rogers, 1945); · 5–8: Discussion of fieldwork safety issues, continued training on in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (Aurini et al., 2016; Brinkmann, 2013; Flick, 2007; Kamberelis et al., 2018).”

“Analytical induction is ‘the systematic examination of similarities within and across cases to develop concepts, ideas, or theories’ (Brinkmann, 2013, p. 9).”

“Facilitators used a protocol with the basic open-ended and semistructured interview questions to be asked (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“A thematic guide was developed with open-ended questions in order to allow the participants’ associations and thoughts to lead the direction of the discussion (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“Interviews also encourage dialogic conversa - tion, enabling rich and detailed knowledge of the discussed issue (Brinkmann, 2013 ).”

“(2013), offering a “chain of evidence” showing how these three themes were derived from the data (Brinkmann 2013, p. 113; Elo et al.”

“During this time, the first author conducted 21 semi-structured interviews (Brinkmann 2013), 53 hours of participant observation (Hammersley and Atkinson 2019), in-situ interviews, and document research.”

“Individual semi-structured interviews (Brinkmann, 2013) were conducted to obtain rich, in-depth descriptions and insights into participants’ experiences of self-com - passion while adjusting to university.”

“189 Rationale for case selection 190 No widely accepted strategy exists for the selection of right cases beyond the advice to select 191 cases which are ‘most likely’ to address the research aim (Brinkmann 2013).”

“To identify the interviewees’ attitudes the analysis not only focused on words but also explored how the inter-viewees described their experiences and views (e.g. Brinkmann, 2013).”

“In qualitative studies, transferability or generalisability are not necessarily the most important concepts for quality, but a good “craft” [54] and offering transparency in the process so that the reader can decide to what extent the presented findings and results are valid or credible for their…”

“Data collection The data were collected in 2020 from three group interviews [39].”

“The purpose of the interviews was to produce knowledge in collaboration with the participants, to hear the reflections of their experiences and opinions and to interpret the meaning of the relevant data collected (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“In June and July 2016, PVP conducted semi-structured interviews [29] with nine young people diagnosed with or having previously had cancer (see Table 1).”

“The research was structured following the stages of qualitative studies using interviews suggested by Brinkmann (2013) and Minichiello, Aroni, and Hays (2008): (1) preparation (contextualizing the interview process within a literature review, decision of the interview strategy, and selection of the…”

“The use of interviews is so embedded in the qualitative landscape that it is arguably naturalised (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“Semi-structured interviews were chosen for their flexibility and depth, allowing for a thorough exploration of participants’ experiences, especially in complex and sensitive contexts (Brinkmann, 2013; Kvale, 2007).”

“This approach allowed for flexibility in the conduct of the interview and for a certain degree of comparability of the findings (Brinkmann 2013).”

“De Zoysa and Wijayanayake (2013) illustrate more on the technology areas of Green IT includes the data centre, virtualization, utilization, storage area network and the other application.”

“This method has various advantages, particularly its fl exibility and the ability of the interviewer to focus the interview on issues that are deemed important, and to follow-up these issues in more detail (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“People are conversational beings (Brinkmann 2013), and through conversation new knowledge about personal aspects of our lives can be generated (Smith and Sparkes 2016).”

“Furthermore, research methodology experts (Brinkmann, 2013; Creswell, 2014; Flick, 2018) have suggested multiple ways to ensure validity and reliability, such as triangulation, field notes, expert opinion, pilot study, and contribution of multiple peer researchers in generating the emerging themes…”

“Semi- structured interviews allowed for more flexibility to follow- up on themes which were believed to be important by the interviewees (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“Nevertheless, most of the empirical data used in this article are the output of semistructured interviews with 10 fathers who had completed the parenting course described above (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“The interviews conducted by the first author were carried out in a conversational concept in a natural way, which yielded insightful data emerging as a result of the active engagement of the participants’ sincere expressions (Brinkmann 2013).”

“All field notes were handwritten, and interviews were audio recorded and then transcribed (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“…the ability to ask questions that target information on a particular topic (Bryman, 2012), fl exibility allowed interviewees to digress and discuss matters important from their perspective, which can be relevant matters the researcher did not consider at the onset of the research (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“Semi-structured interviews were grounded in a ‘receptive’ style of interviewing, allowing respondents more control over the way they chose to answer questions (Brinkmann 2013, 31).”

“The semi-structured interviews gave us the chance of knowing participants’ recent and immediate perceptions on cultural self-awareness, interpreting their thoughts through conversation, and engaging in the sense-making as knowledge-producers (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“Overall, the interviewing style was receptive in that interviewees had a large measure of control in answering the relatively few questions I asked (Brinkmann 2013, 31).”

“The conversational-styled, consented and audio recorded interviews were semi structured (cf. Brinkmann, 2013).”

“Interviewees were selected using a purposeful-theoretical sample according to their potential capacity to provide relevant information related to the research objectives (Brinkmann 2013, pp. 57 – 58).”

“…with each of the 16 participants (N¼ 32 interviews) to provide the “richest source of knowledge available” about the men’s perceptions of counterspaces, their decisions to pursue S&E at the undergraduate and graduate level, and the role of racism in these decisions (Brinkmann, 2013, p. 28).”

“These can be described as semi-structured (Brinkmann 2013), similar to the interviews with the students.”

“The abductive synthesis is not strictly logical, but based on creativity in the process of interpretation (Brinkmann, 2013) and on the “researcher’s ability to immerse him/herself in the data and look for patterns, themes and relationships” (Wheeler & Kenny, 2005, p.”

“A summary of the findings from the document analysis was provided to interviewees, further supporting the semistructured methodology (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“While qualitative methods do not allow for the quantification of opinions or statistical inference, they are particularly suited to uncovering arguments that reflect the deep-seated concerns of the interviewees (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“To address the research questions outlined, this study utilizes a qualitative interview methodology, widely recognized for its effectiveness in exploring individual life experiences and interpreting socio-cultural phenomena (Brinkmann, 2013, pp. 47, 72).”

“Semi-structured interviews “ can make better use of the knowledge-producing potentials of dialogues, allowing much more leeway for following up on whatever angles are deemed important by the interviewee ” (Brinkmann, 2013, p. 21).”

“The definition of “analytic generalization” (Brinkmann, 2013) ensures that findings from one situation can be compared into another.”

“Semi-structured interviews were employed because they provide a flexible yet systematic approach to exploring participants’ experiences, interpretations, and decision-making processes, allowing researchers to probe emerging issues while maintaining comparability across cases (Brinkmann 2013).”

“Semi-structured interviews provide access to the cultural context, thus helping to understand participants’ perspectives or behaviour (Brinkmann 2013).”

“Overall, the interviewing style was receptive, in that interviewees had a large measure of control in answering the relatively few questions I asked (Brinkmann, 2013, p. 31).”

“A semi-structured interview, using open-ended questions, allowed the informants the opportunity to elaborate on their opinions and understandings (Brinkmann 2013).”

“Open conversations further allowed us to identify each respondent’s perspective to interpret wartime events (59, 60).”

“The interviews can be described as semi-structured (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“The purpose of the interviews was to produce knowledge in collaboration with the participants, to hear the reflections of their experiences and opinions, and to interpret the meaning of the relevant data collected [38].”

“Moreover, they were chosen as they provide a vital source of rich knowledge and encourage participants to relay personally meaningful experiences in which they divulge noteworthy aspects of human behavior in everyday life (Brinkmann 2013).”

“…veya uygulamaların kullanıldığı, mekân algısı ve yönlerle ilgili öğretiminde zorluk yaşanan kavramlar ve son olarak varsa çözüm önerilerinin neler olabileceği ile ilgili görüş ve düşünceleri nitel araştırmalarda yaygın olarak kullanılan görüşme tekniği kullanılarak incelenmiştir (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“All participants worked (or had previously worked) in Stockholm and were selected through snowball sampling (Brinkmann, 2013) based on their involvement with young children and urban planning.”

“Semi-structured interviews allow researchers both to address predefined themes and remain open to emerging narratives, enabling a deep exploration of the complex meanings participants attribute to their activism (Brinkmann, 2013; Galletta, 2013).”

“This recursive process is nonlinear and pays attention to the “multiple voices” of interviewees and potential contradictions (Brinkmann, 2013, p. 24).”

“(Brinkmann, 2013).”

“Moreover, semi-structured interviews are a vital source of rich knowledge and encourage participants to relay personally meaningful experiences in which they divulge noteworthy aspects of human behavior in everyday life (Brinkmann, 2013).”

“The researchers started the analysis without predetermined codes, and ascertained them during the analysis process (Brinkmann 2013).”

“This study used a data-driven coding approach where codes were created while reading the interview data (Brinkmann 2013).”

“Thus, it was suitable to choose the participants who seem to give the most comprehensive information about the research problem by the way of purposeful sampling (Brinkmann, 2013).”