The DOI matches its Crossref record; 103 of the 104 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Vitamin D deficiency: a worldwide problem with health consequences
Open accessAbstract
Vitamin D deficiency is now recognized as a pandemic. The major cause of vitamin D deficiency is the lack of appreciation that sun exposure in moderation is the major source of vitamin D for most humans. Very few foods naturally contain vitamin D, and foods that are fortified with vitamin D are often inadequate to satisfy either a child's or an adult's vitamin D requirement. Vitamin D deficiency causes rickets in children and will precipitate and exacerbate osteopenia, osteoporosis, and fractures in adults. Vitamin D deficiency has been associated with increased risk of common cancers, autoimmune diseases, hypertension, and infectious diseases. A circulating level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D of >75 nmol/L, or 30 ng/mL, is required to maximize vitamin D's beneficial effects for health. In the absence of adequate sun exposure, at least 800-1000 IU vitamin D3/d may be needed to achieve this in children and adults. Vitamin D2 may be equally effective for maintaining circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D when given in physiologic concentrations.
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“Healthy serum 25(OH)D levels are considered ≥50 nmol/L [288]”
From Nutritional Considerations for the Vegan Athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [288]
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1 retracted
Satō, Y., Iwamoto, J., Kanoko, T., & Satoh, K. (2005) · Journal of Bone and Mineral Research · doi:10.1359/jbmr.050402 · Cited by 80
RetractedHolick, M. F. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra070553 · Cited by 13,720
Self-citationToll-Like Receptor Triggering of a Vitamin D-Mediated Human Antimicrobial Response
Liu, P. T., Stenger, S., Li, H., Wenzel, L., Tan, B. H., Krutzik, S. R., Ochoa, M. T., Schauber, J., Wu, K., Meinken, C., et al. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1123933 · Cited by 3,924
Decreased bioavailability of vitamin D in obesity
Wortsman, J., Matsuoka, L. Y., Chen, T. C., Lu, Z., & Holick, M. F. (2000) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/72.3.690 · Cited by 3,204
Self-citationOverview of general physiologic features and functions of vitamin D
DeLuca, H. F. (2004) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/80.6.1689s · Cited by 2,328
Intake of vitamin D and risk of type 1 diabetes: a birth-cohort study
Hyppönen, E., Läärä, E., Reunanen, A., Järvelin, M., & Virtanen, S. M. (2001) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)06580-1 · Cited by 1,948
Estimates of optimal vitamin D status
Dawson‐Hughes, B., Heaney, R. P., Holick, M. F., Lips, P. T. A. M., Meunier, P. J., & Vieth, R. (2005) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-005-1867-7 · Cited by 1,852
Self-citationWebb, A. R., KLINE, L., & Holick, M. F. (1988) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem-67-2-373 · Cited by 1,661
Self-citationVitamin D supplementation, 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, and safety
Vieth, R. (1999) · American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.5.842 · Cited by 1,511
Resurrection of vitamin D deficiency and rickets
Holick, M. F. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci29449 · Cited by 1,492
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Holick, M. F., Binkley, N., Bischoff-Ferrari, H. A., Gordon, C. M., Hanley, D. A., Heaney, R. P., Murad, M. H., & Weaver, C. M. (2011) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2011-0385 · Cited by 10,961
Self-citationD'Orazio, J., Jarrett, S., Amaro-Ortiz, A., & Scott, T. (2013) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms140612222 · Cited by 1,984
The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention
Holick, M. F. (2017) · Reviews in Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s11154-017-9424-1 · Cited by 1,641
Self-citationIs vitamin D deficiency a major global public health problem?
Palacios, C., & Gonzalez, L. (2014) · The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.11.003 · Cited by 1,252
Sunlight and Vitamin D: A global perspective for health
Wacker, M., & Holick, M. F. (2013) · Dermato-Endocrinology · doi:10.4161/derm.24494 · Cited by 1,156
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Metadata
- Authors
- Holick, M. F., & Chen, T. C.
- Affiliations
- Boston University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Holick, Michael F
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2008-04
- Volume
- 87
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1080S-1086S
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2163507707
- Cited by
- 2,689
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 95 · 2024: 119 · 2023: 144 · 2022: 177 · 2021: 189 · 2020: 186 · 2019: 197 · 2018: 177 · 2017: 205 · 2016: 181 · 2015: 182 · 2014: 143 · 2013: 149 · 2012: 129
- FWCI
- 84.69
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Vitamin D Research Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutrition and Health Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Bone health and osteoporosis research
- Keywords
- vitamin D deficiency, sun exposure, vitamin D fortification, rickets, osteoporosis, osteopenia, fracture, cancer risk, autoimmune disease, hypertension, infectious diseases, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, vitamin D3, vitamin D2, vitamin D intake
- MeSH terms
- Autoimmune Diseases, Bone and Bones, Cardiovascular Diseases, Food, Fortified, Humans, Neoplasms, Nutritional Requirements, Rickets, Sunlight, Vitamin D, Vitamin D Deficiency, Global Health, Bone Density, Bone Density Conservation Agents
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