Effect of varying quantities of lean beef as part of a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern on lipids and lipoproteins: a randomized crossover controlled feeding trial.

Fleming, Jennifer A; Kris-Etherton, Penny M; Petersen, Kristina S; Baer, David J

doi:10.1093/ajcn/nqaa375

Cited by 25Nutritional Studies and DietFatty Acid Research and HealthMeat and Animal Product Quality

Effect of varying quantities of lean beef as part of a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern on lipids and lipoproteins: a randomized crossover controlled feeding trial.

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Fleming, Jennifer A, Kris-Etherton, Penny M, Petersen, Kristina S, Baer, David J·2021·The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa375PMC PMC8106750

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: It remains unclear whether red meat consumption is causatively associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, and few randomized controlled studies have examined the effect of incorporating lean beef into a healthy dietary pattern. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effects of a Mediterranean (MED) diet (carbohydrate 42%, protein 17%, fat 41%, SFAs 8%, MUFAs 26%, PUFAs 8%) with 14 (MED0.5; 0.5 oz), 71 (MED2.5; 2.5 oz), and 156 (MED5.5; 5.5 oz) g/d/2000 kcal lean beef compared with an average American diet (AAD; carbohydrate 52%, protein 15%, fat 33%, SFAs 12%, MUFAs 13%, PUFAs 8%) on lipid and lipoprotein concentrations, particle number, and size. METHODS: This was a multicenter, 4-period controlled feeding, randomized crossover study. Fifty-nine generally healthy males and females (BMI 20-38 kg/m2; age 30-65 y) consumed each diet for 4 wk with a ≥1-wk washout between the diets. Fasting blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of each 4-wk period. Lipid subfractions were measured by NMR. RESULTS: Compared with the AAD, all 3 MED diets decreased LDL cholesterol (MED0.5: -10.3 mg/dL; 95% CI: -5.4, -15.7 mg/dL; MED2.5: -9.1 mg/dL; 95% CI: -3.9, -14.3 mg/dL; MED5.5: -6.9 mg/dL; 95% CI: -1.7, -12.1 mg/dL; P < 0.0001). All MED diets elicited similar reductions in total LDL particle number compared with baseline (P < 0.005); however, significant decreases only occurred with MED0.5 (-91.2 nmol/L; 95% CI: -31.4, -151.0 nmol/L) and MED2.5 (-85.3 nmol/L; 95% CI: -25.4, -145.2 nmol/L) compared with AAD (P < 0.003). Compared with the AAD, non-HDL cholesterol (P < 0.01) and apoB (P < 0.01) were lower following the 3 MED diets; there were no differences between the MED diets. All diets reduced HDL-cholesterol and HDL particle number from baseline (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Lipid and lipoprotein lowering was not attenuated with the inclusion of lean beef in amounts ≤71 g (2.5 oz)/d as part of a healthy low-saturated-fat Mediterranean-style diet.This study is registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02723617.

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Excluding all meats and/or dairy products may not be necessary because research suggests that cardiovascular benefits can be achieved with modest reductions in animal foods and increases in healthy plant-based foods compared with typical diets.
“Although our findings suggest that vegan diets offer a protective cardiometabolic advantage compared with a healthy, omnivorous diet, excluding all meats and/or dairy products may not be necessary because research22,50 suggests that cardiovascular benefits can be achieved with modest reductions in animal foods and increases in healthy plant-based foods compared with typical diets.”
From Cardiometabolic Effects of Omnivorous vs Vegan Diets in Identical Twins: A Randomized Clinical Trial (2023) · cites this paper as [50]
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Authors: Fleming, J. A., Kris-Etherton, P. M., Petersen, K. S., & Baer, D. J.
Affiliations: Pennsylvania State University (US)
Agricultural Research Service (US)
ORCID: Fleming, Jennifer A
Kris-Etherton, Penny M
Baer, David J
Venue: The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2021-05
Volume: 113
Issue: 5
Pages: 1126-1136
ISSN: 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa375
PMC: PMC8106750
OpenAlex: W3144636613
Cited by: 25
References: 26
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 1
FWCI: 2.43
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
ThinkTech (Texas Tech University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: USDA
ARS
NIH
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (UL1TR000127)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Meat and Animal Product Quality
Keywords: Mediterranean diet, lean beef, red meat consumption, LDL cholesterol, lipoprotein particle number, LDL particle size, lipoprotein subfractions, cardiovascular risk, dietary fat intake, saturated fatty acids, dietary protein, dietary cholesterol, NMR lipoprotein profiling, dietary intervention, healthy eating patterns
MeSH terms: Red Meat, Animals, Cattle, Cholesterol, Female, Humans, Lipids, Lipoproteins, Male, Middle Aged, Cross-Over Studies, Diet, Mediterranean

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Effect of varying quantities of lean beef as part of a Mediterranean-style dietary pattern on lipids and lipoproteins: a randomized crossover controlled feeding trial.

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