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Cited by 191Menstrual Health and DisordersOvarian function and disordersHypothalamic control of reproductive hormones

Factors Affecting Menstrual Cycle Characteristics

Liu, Y., Gold, E. B., Lasley, B. L., Johnson, W. O.·2004·American Journal of Epidemiology
DOI 10.1093/aje/kwh188
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Abstract

This 1989-1991 study in California and Utah used daily urinary metabolites of estrogen and progesterone and computer algorithms to assess ovulatory status and day of ovulation. The authors examined the associations of risk factors with menstrual cycle characteristics for 309 working women aged 20-44 years who collected a median of five cycles each of daily urine samples. Linear mixed models were used to assess continuous menstrual outcomes. Compared with women less than age 35 years, women aged 35 years or older had a significantly decreased (-0.94 days, 95% confidence interval: -1.83, -0.05) adjusted mean cycle length. Age modified the effects of smoking, physical activity, ethnicity, and alcohol consumption on mean follicular phase length. Asian women had a significantly longer (1.65 days, 95% confidence interval: 0.54, 2.76) adjusted mean cycle length compared with Caucasian women. Compared with women who did not consume alcoholic drinks, women who did had a significantly shorter (-1.26 days, 95% confidence interval: -2.21, -0.31) adjusted mean cycle length. Mean cycle and phase lengths were significantly associated with length of the prior luteal phase. These results indicate that potentially modifiable risk factors, as well as immutable host factors, are associated with menstrual cycle characteristics that may in turn be related to subsequent disease risk.

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Crossref · 10.1093/aje/kwh188

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  • Cycle characteristics may be affected by ethnicity, high body mass index, stress and lifestyle factors.

    “Cycle characteristics also may be affected by ethnicity, high body mass index (BMI), stress and lifestyle factors.8,10–12”

    From Real-world menstrual cycle characteristics of more than 600,000 menstrual cycles (2019) · cites this paper as [8]

  • With increasing age, cycle length reduces and the timing of ovulation becomes earlier; the variation of a woman's cycle length reduces with age until menopause.

    “With increasing age, cycle length reduces and the timing of ovulation becomes earlier; the variation of a woman’s cycle length reduces with age until menopause.5,6,8,9”

    From Real-world menstrual cycle characteristics of more than 600,000 menstrual cycles (2019) · cites this paper as [8]

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Authors
Liu, Y., Gold, E. B., Lasley, B. L., & Johnson, W. O.
Affiliations
  • University of Miami (US)
  • University of California, Davis (US)
ORCID
Gold, E. B.
Venue
American Journal of Epidemiology
Publisher
Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published
2004-07-02
Volume
160
Issue
2
Pages
131-140
ISSN
  • 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
  • 1476-6256
DOI
10.1093/aje/kwh188
OpenAlex
W2096856257
Cited by
191
References
43
Citations by year
2026: 8 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 11
FWCI
4.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
  • American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institutes of Health
  • National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (K04ES000202, 5-K04-ES000202)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
Keywords
menstrual characteristics, cycle length, follicular phase length, luteal phase length, ovulation, urinary estrogen metabolites, age, smoking, physical activity, ethnicity, alcohol consumption, women's employment, risk factors
MeSH terms
Adult, Demography, Female, Follicular Phase, Hormones, Humans, Life Style, Luteal Phase, Menstrual Cycle, Ovulation, Prospective Studies, Body Mass Index, Linear Models, Logistic Models

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