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Cited by 139Ovarian function and disordersHypothalamic control of reproductive hormonesReproductive Health and Contraception

Three-step method for menstrual and oral contraceptive cycle verification

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Schaumberg, Mia A., Jenkins, David G., Janse de Jonge, Xanne A.K., Emmerton, Lynne M., Skinner, Tina L.·2017·Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
DOI 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.013
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Abstract

Objectives Fluctuating endogenous and exogenous ovarian hormones may influence exercise parameters; yet control and verification of ovarian hormone status is rarely reported and limits current exercise science and sports medicine research. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of an individualised three-step method in identifying the mid-luteal or high hormone phase in endogenous and exogenous hormone cycles in recreationally-active women and determine hormone and demographic characteristics associated with unsuccessful classification.Design Cross-sectional study design.Methods Fifty-four recreationally-active women who were either long-term oral contraceptive users (n=28) or experiencing regular natural menstrual cycles (n=26) completed step-wise menstrual mapping, urinary ovulation prediction testing and venous blood sampling for serum/plasma hormone analysis on two days, 6-12days after positive ovulation prediction to verify ovarian hormone concentrations.Results Mid-luteal phase was successfully verified in 100% of oral contraceptive users, and 70% of naturally-menstruating women. Thirty percent of participants were classified as luteal phase deficient; when excluded, the success of the method was 89%. Lower age, body fat and longer menstrual cycles were significantly associated with luteal phase deficiency.Conclusions A step-wise method including menstrual cycle mapping, urinary ovulation prediction and serum/plasma hormone measurement was effective at verifying ovarian hormone status. Additional consideration of age, body fat and cycle length enhanced identification of luteal phase deficiency in physically-active women. These findings enable the development of stricter exclusion criteria for female participants in research studies and minimise the influence of ovarian hormone variations within sports and exercise science and medicine research.

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  1. Burgomaster, KA, Howarth, KR, Phillips, SM, et al., Similar metabolic adaptations during exercise after low volume sprint interval and traditional endurance training in humans. The Journal of physiology, 2008. 586(1): p. 151-160.
  2. Hsu, AR, Barnholt, KE, Grundmann, NK, Lin, JH, McCallum, SW, and Friedlander, AL, Sildenafil improves cardiac output and exercise performance during acute hypoxia, but not normoxia. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md : 1985), 2006. 100(6): p. 2031-2040.
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  5. Schaumberg, MA, Jenkins, DG, Jonge, XAd, Emmerton, LM, and Skinner, TL, Three-step method for menstrual and oral contraceptive cycle verification. J Sci Med Sport. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.013 (21.7-23.4) (21.7-23.4) (21.7-23.4) (21.8-24.2) (21.8-24.2) (21.8-24.2) Fat mass (kg) 20.7±4.8 (18.7-22.7) 20.5±4.6 (18.6-22.4) 20.1±2.0 (18.2-22.0) 22.7±4.7 (20.0-25.4) 22.6±5.0 (19.8-25.5) 22.7±4.7 (20.0-25.4) Lean body mass (kg) 40.6±4.4 (38.8-42.5) 40.6±4.1 (38.9-42.3) 40.2±4.3 (38.3-42.1) 41.1±5.7 (37.8-44.4) 41.4±5.5 (38.2-44.6) 41.6±5.6 (38.3-44.8) Lean body mass -legs (kg) 13.6±1.8 (12.9-14.4) 13.8±1.9 (13.0-14.5) 13.5±1.8 (12.7-14.3) 13.8±2.5 (12.4-15.3) 14.0±2.5 (12.5-15.4) 14.1±2.6 (12.6-15.6) Body fat (%) 32.3±4.8 (30.3-34.3) 32.1±4.8 (30.1-34.0) 32.0±4.6 (30.0-34.0) 34.2±4.8 (31.5-37.0) 33.9±5.0 (31.0-36.8) 34.0±5.0 (31.1-36.9) Hormone and blood measures Oestradiol (pg.mL -1 ) 5.6 [5.0-10.3] (5.7-13.5) 5.1[5.0-10.2] (-11.0-63.8) 9.2[5.0-11.8] (6.7-16.2) 136.4±61.9 (102.1-170.7) 107.8±73.1 (67.3-148.3) 68.8[40.8-123.6] (47.4-121.7) Progestogen (ng.mL -1 ) 0.6±0.3 (0.4-0.7) · DOI

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Authors
Schaumberg, M. A., Jenkins, D. G., Janse de Jonge, X. A. K., Emmerton, L. M., & Skinner, T. L.
Affiliations
  • The University of Queensland (AU)
  • Curtin University (AU)
Corresponding author
Schaumberg, Mia A.
ORCID
Venue
Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport
Publisher
Elsevier BV
Published
2017-11
Volume
20
Issue
11
Pages
965-969
ISSN
1440-2440 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1016/j.jsams.2016.08.013
OpenAlex
W2510295929
Cited by
139
References
31
Citations by year
2026: 17 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 1
FWCI
4.87
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations
  • Journal of science and medicine in sport (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • eSpace (Curtin University) (submittedVersion)
  • NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Hypothalamic control of reproductive hormones
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
Keywords
oral contraceptives, luteal phase, luteal phase deficiency, serum hormone measurement, fat mass, menstrual cycle length
MeSH terms
Adult, Age Factors, Contraceptives, Oral, Cross-Sectional Studies, Estradiol, Female, Humans, Luteal Phase, Menstruation Disturbances, Ovulation, Progesterone, Time Factors, Biomarkers, Exercise, Adiposity, Young Adult

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