Cigarette Smoking and Nocturnal Sleep Architecture
Abstract
Cigarette smoking has been associated with a high prevalence of sleep-related complaints. However, its effects on sleep architecture have not been fully examined. The primary objective of this investigation was to assess the impact of cigarette smoking on sleep architecture. Polysomnography was used to characterize sleep architecture among 6,400 participants of the Sleep Heart Health Study (United States, 1994-1999). Sleep parameters included total sleep time, latency to sleep onset, sleep efficiency, and percentage of time in each sleep stage. The study sample consisted of 2,916 never smokers, 2,705 former smokers, and 779 current smokers. Compared with never smokers, current smokers had a longer initial sleep latency (5.4 minutes, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.9, 7.9) and less total sleep time (14.0 minutes, 95% CI: 6.4, 21.7). Furthermore, relative to never smokers, current smokers also had more stage 1 sleep (relative proportion = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.14, 1.33) and less slow wave sleep (relative proportion = 0.86, 95% CI: 0.78, 0.95). Finally, no differences in sleep architecture were noted between former and never smokers. The results of this study show that cigarette smoking is independently associated with disturbances in sleep architecture, including a longer latency to sleep onset and a shift toward lighter stages of sleep. Nicotine in cigarette smoke and acute withdrawal from it may contribute to disturbances in sleep architecture.
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Smokers have delayed sleep onset as compared to non-smokers.
“Smokers have also been shown to have delayed sleep onset as compared to non-smokers, [39] which can promote late chronotype.”
From Smoking, screen-based sedentary behavior, and diet associated with habitual sleep duration and chronotype: data from the UK Biobank (2016) · cites this paper as [39]
Prior cross-sectional studies have identified an association between khat chewing and poor sleep quality.
“The previously conducted cross-sectional studies have identified that there is association between sex, residence, and substance use [31] (such as alcohol [32], khat [33–37], smoking [38, 39], caffeinated beverages [35, 40], and other stimulants) in different countries with poor sleep quality.”
From Prevalence and Associated Factors of Sleep Quality among Adults in Jimma Town, Southwest Ethiopia: A Community-Based Cross-Sectional Study (2018) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Zhang, L., Samet, J., Caffo, B., & Punjabi, N. M.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Zhang, Lin
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-07-07
- Volume
- 164
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 529-537
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- OpenAlex
- W2158861674
- Cited by
- 348
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 14.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5u01hl053940-05, 5u01hl053934-14)
- National Institute on Aging (AG-025553, R21AG025553)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (U01 HL 53940, U01HL53938, U01HL053941, U01HL053938, U01 HL53934, U01HL053937, U01 HL 53941, U01 HL53916, U01HL053931, U01 HL 63429, U01HL053916, U01 HL53931, U01HL063463, U01HL063429, HL7578, U01HL63463, U01-HL53937)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Keywords
- cigarette smoking, sleep architecture, sleep latency, total sleep time, slow-wave sleep, stage 1 sleep, nicotine, nicotine withdrawal, former smokers, Sleep Heart Health Study
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Arousal, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Sleep Wake Disorders, Sleep Stages, Smoking, United States, Prevalence, Chi-Square Distribution, Polysomnography
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