Social Class and Excess Mortality in Sweden During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic
Open accessAbstract
Consensus is lacking in the literature about the role of socioeconomic factors on influenza-associated deaths during the 1918 pandemic. Although some scholars have found that social factors were important, others have not. In this study, we analyzed differences in excess mortality by social class in Sweden during the 1918 pandemic. We analyzed individual-level mortality of the entire population aged 30-59 years by combining information from death records with census data on occupation. Social class was measured by an occupation-based class scheme. Excess mortality during the pandemic was measured as the number of deaths relative to the number occurring in the same month the year before. Social class differences in numbers of deaths were modeled using a complementary log-log model that was adjusted for potential confounding at the family, the residential (urban/rural), and the county levels. We found notable class differences in excess mortality but no perfect class gradient. Class differences were somewhat larger for men than for women.
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In the 1918 pandemic across Sweden, there were inequalities in mortality between the highest and lowest occupational classes, particularly among men.
“and across Sweden, there were inequalities in mortality between the highest and lowest occupational classes -particularly among men.7”
From The COVID-19 pandemic and health inequalities (2020) · cites this paper as [7]
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- Authors
- Bengtsson, T., Dribe, M., & Eriksson, B.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Bengtsson, Tommy
- Venue
- American Journal of Epidemiology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2018-07-27
- Volume
- 187
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 2568-2576
- ISSN
- 0002-9262 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-6256
- PMC
- PMC7314276
- OpenAlex
- W2883404675
- Cited by
- 75
- References
- 20
- Citations by year
- 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 1
- FWCI
- 6.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- academic.oup.com/journals/pages/open_access/funder_policies/chorus/standard_publication_model (vor)
- Locations
- American Journal of Epidemiology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Riksbankens Jubileumsfond
- Bank of Sweden Tercentenary Foundation
- Jan Wallander and Tom Hedelius Foundation
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Influenza Virus Research Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Historical and modern epidemiology studies
- Social Sciences › Demography › Insurance, Mortality, Demography, Risk Management
- Keywords
- 1918 influenza pandemic, excess mortality, social class, socioeconomic inequalities in mortality, occupational class, occupational differences in mortality, sex differences in mortality
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Influenza, Human, Male, Middle Aged, Occupations, Residence Characteristics, Social Class, Socioeconomic Factors, Sweden, Models, Statistical, Sex Distribution, History, 20th Century, Influenza Pandemic, 1918-1919
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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