The DOI matches its Crossref record; 22 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Fast and accurate long-read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform.
Open accessAbstract
Motivation: Many programs for aligning short sequencing reads to a reference genome have been developed in the last 2 years. Most of them are very efficient for short reads but inefficient or not applicable for reads >200 bp because the algorithms are heavily and specifically tuned for short queries with low sequencing error rate. However, some sequencing platforms already produce longer reads and others are expected to become available soon. For longer reads, hashing-based software such as BLAT and SSAHA2 remain the only choices. Nonetheless, these methods are substantially slower than short-read aligners in terms of aligned bases per unit time. Results: We designed and implemented a new algorithm, Burrows-Wheeler Aligner's Smith-Waterman Alignment (BWA-SW), to align long sequences up to 1 Mb against a large sequence database (e.g. the human genome) with a few gigabytes of memory. The algorithm is as accurate as SSAHA2, more accurate than BLAT, and is several to tens of times faster than both. Availability: http://bio-bwa.sourceforge.net Contact: rd@sanger.ac.uk
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“Software confirmed to be working for this approach include (but are not limited to) Bowtie2 11, BWA 12, HISAT2 13, STAR 14 or any tool wrapping one of these aligners.”
From SNPsplit: Allele-specific splitting of alignments between genomes with known SNP genotypes (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
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“Mapping reads to specific genes is relatively straightforward with the bioinformatics tools available today [10-13], but using these tools to distinguish between reads derived from alternative alleles of the same gene remains challenging [9].”
From Sources of bias in measures of allele-specific expression derived from RNA-seq data aligned to a single reference genome (2013) · cites this paper as [11]
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Influential<tt>BLAT</tt> —The <tt>BLAST</tt> -Like Alignment Tool
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- Burrows, 1994, A block-sorting lossless data compression algorithm
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“Adapter sequences and low-quality reads (Phred score 30) were trimmed using Trimmomatic 20 , and the cleaned reads were aligned to the human reference genome GRCh38/hg38 using the Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (BWA-MEM 21 ).”
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“1 complete genome using the BWA mapper [39, 40].”
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“7.17) 73 , employing a hybrid of BWA-ALN and BWA-MEM algorithms.”
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“7.13-r1126) under default settings [13].”
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“1) using BWA-MEM [41]), with indexing [42] and dictionary creation performed via PicardTools.”
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“The reads were then aligned to the P. ginseng reference genome using BWA-MEM [57], followed by sorting and filtering for uniquely mapped reads with SAMTools.”
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“To avoid potential human genome contamination, reads will be mapped against the hg38 human genome reference database (UCSC Genome Browser) using the Burrows–Wheeler Aligner (BWA) [40].”
Picco, G., Rao, Y., Saedi, A. A., Walker, S. J., Bhosle, S. G., Lee, Y., Vieira, S. F., García-Casado, M. A., Garcia, G. V., May, K., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.64898/2025.12.23.695783 · Cited by 3
The hegemonic EWSR1::ETS oncoprotein overrules core regulatory circuitry principles in Ewing sarcoma
Grossetête, S., Zaïdi, S., Orth, M. F., Morice, S., Laud, K., Louis‐Brennetot, C., Ferre, A. S., Perrin, V., Cidre‐Aranaz, F., Raynal, V., et al. (2025) · npj Precision Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41698-025-01226-8 · Cited by 2
“Brie fl y, reads were mapped with bwa (version 2.19.0) 67 to the human genome (version hg19).”
InfluentialZhang, D., Hu, Y., Guo, J., Wu, D., Zhang, Y., Yang, L., Wang, Y., Xiao, N., Fan, J.-H., Dong, Y.-L., et al. (2025) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.70150 · Cited by 2
Perey‐Simon, V., Békesi, A., Kazzazy, L., Mihály, J., Varga, M., Vértessy, B. G., & Nyíri, K. (2025) · FEBS Open Bio · doi:10.1002/2211-5463.70176 · Cited by 2
“Raw data were checked using FastQC [58] the reads were mapped to the reference genome (version GRCz11, downloaded from https://hgdownload.soe.ucsc.edu/goldenPath/ danRer11/big-Zips/) using bwa mem (version 0.7.17) [59].”
InfluentialGrądzka, K., Biegańska, M., Koczyk, G., Młodzińska, A., Pawłowicz, I., & Kiełbowicz-Matuk, A. (2025) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/s12870-025-07811-0 · Cited by 2
“0 reference genome using the BWA algorithm (version 07.17) [49].”
InfluentialA wide diversity of viruses detected in African mammals involved in the wild meat supply chain
Geraerts, M., GOMBEER, S. C., Nebesse, C., Akaibe, D., Akaibe, D., Baelo, P., Chaber, A., Gembu, G.-C., Gaubert, P., Joffrin, L., et al. (2025) · PLoS Pathogens · doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1013643 · Cited by 3
“7.17 [39] ( S3 Table ).”
InfluentialZhang, C., Zhang, Y.-H., Li, P.-Y., Liu, C., Wang, L.-Y., Dong, Y., Sun, D., Qi, X., Wen, H.-S., Zhang, K.-Q., et al. (2025) · Aquaculture Reports · doi:10.1016/j.aqrep.2025.103088 · Cited by 2
Feng, L., Liu, Y.-H., Wang, L., Sang, S.-F., Ji, S., Chen, Y., & Li, J. (2025) · Industrial crops and products (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122242 · Cited by 2
A haplotype-resolved genome assembly of Anoectochilus roxburghii
Xu, W., Gao, M., Wang, R., Zhang, X., Hong, Z., Lin, Y., Chen, X., Huang, Z., Xu, W. F., & Wang, H. (2025) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-025-06181-4 · Cited by 2
Zhang, B., Hu, X., Li, C.-X., Wang, D., Niyazi, A., Jiang, H.-G., Cui, Y.-Q., & Wang, L. (2025) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2025.116652 · Cited by 2
Engineering rank queries on bit vectors and strings
Gottlieb, S., & Reinert, K. (2025) · Algorithms for Molecular Biology · doi:10.1186/s13015-025-00291-9 · Cited by 2
Mohsenipour, M., Nejati, P., Khosravi, T., Alimoradi, E., Salehi, M., Oladnabi, M., & Alibakhshi, R. (2025) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-025-02271-9 · Cited by 2
B-cell lymphocytosis and reprogramming due to biallelic CARD11 mutations
Bhattad, S., Gil, H. M., Ruchinskas, A., Stinson, J. R., Boone, A. T. S., Mohite, R., Janardhanan, J., Singh, N., Mariskanish, C., Choi, J. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2025.12.991 · Cited by 2
Shultz, R. R., Ryals, D. K., Patterson, P., Nixon, J. M., Gilchrist, I. R., & Harpur, B. A. (2025) · Insect Molecular Biology · doi:10.1111/imb.70019 · Cited by 2
Wang, Z., Liu, P.-G., Jiao, C.-Z., Zhang, Y.-Z., Xu, Z., Lin, T.-B., Zhu, Y., Jing, X., Huang, Y., Chao, N., et al. (2025) · Plant Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1111/pbi.70473 · Cited by 2
“The remaining high-quality reads were mapped to the reference genome (NS14) using Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (BWA) (Li and Durbin 2010).”
InfluentialLiu, F., Wang, R., Ye, T., Zhu, J.-J., Guo, D.-D., Zhan, W., & Lou, B. (2025) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-025-12343-w · Cited by 2
“PCR duplicates were removed from the aligned files using SAMtools (version 1.4) [20].”
InfluentialRuperao, P., Vemula, A., Valluri, V., Manda, S., Srivastava, R., Mayes, S., Varshney, R., & Kudapa, H. (2025) · The Plant Genome · doi:10.1002/tpg2.70149 · Cited by 2
“Aligning the sequence data to the chickpea pangenome (https://cegresources.icrisat.org/cicerseq) with Burrows– Wheeler Aligner-MEM v.0.7.17 (Li & Durbin, 2010), the variants called from the standard genome analysis tool kit (GATK) v4.”
InfluentialRay, K., Mulch, C., Peterson, S. M., Benjamin, S., Gullicksrud, N., Ericsen, A., Vallender, E. J., Ferguson, B. M., Wall, J. D., & Bimber, B. (2025) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-025-03873-3 · Cited by 2
“This pipeline is based on the GATK best-practice pipeline and utilizes Trimmomatic [70], bwa-mem [71, 72], and GATK [33, 34].”
Huang, X.-H., Zhang, L.-H., Zhong, Z.-P., Weng, Z., Xu, Y.-J., Wen, J.-T., Ma, C., & Du, B.-W. (2025) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2025.106127 · Cited by 2
“7.17 (Li and Durbin, 2010).”
InfluentialThe genetic diversity and population structure of native horse breeds in Xinjiang, China
Tang, C., Yang, B.-Y., Dawulietihan, G., Xue, L., Liu, S., Yalimaimaiti, Y., Wang, Q., Yang, N., Sun, X.-Y., Wang, Y., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Genetics · doi:10.3389/fgene.2025.1439312 · Cited by 2
“0 (Kalb fl eisch et al., 2018), Using the Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (BWA) (Li and Durbin, 2010).”
Self-citationWu, J., Fu, X., Gao, Y., Qin, S., Xiong, J., Qu, R., & Cai, Y. (2025) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-025-04212-y · Cited by 2
“7.17), generating BAM files [25].”
InfluentialAuganova, D., Atavliyeva, S., Gharbi, N., Zholdybayeva, E., Skiba, Y., Akisheva, A., Tsepke, A., Alenova, A., Guyeux, C., Wirth, T., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-22485-2 · Cited by 2
“The pipeline employs the widely used, open-source programs BWA, SAMtools, Picard Tools, and the Genome Analysis Toolkit (GATK) 31–33 .”
CEP76 impairment at the centrosome-cilium interface contributes to a spectrum of ciliopathies
Khan, K., Tavares, E. S., Bishara, K., Ozantürk, A., Qebibo, L., Frangakis, S. G., Calame, D. G., Meunier, I., Bocquet, B., Płoski, R., et al. (2025) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.adw3717 · Cited by 1
Soria-Ortiz, G. J., Ochoa‐Ochoa, L. M., Jaramillo‐Correa, J. P., Martínez-Solano, Í., & Vázquez‐Domínguez, E. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0319111 · Cited by 2
“We aligned the resulting reads to the R. marina reference genome using the function BWA mem in BWA v.0.7.1 [42].”
InfluentialMohanty, J. K., Yadav, A., Narnoliya, L., Thakro, V., Rathore, D., Tripathi, S., Sinharoy, S., Agarwal, P., & Parida, S. (2025) · Plant Biotechnology Journal · doi:10.1111/pbi.70373 · Cited by 2
“0 (Varshney et al. 2013) using Burrow Wheeler Aligner (Li and Durbin 2010), and SNPs were identified using the STACKS v1.”
Ghafoor, D., Hayakijkosol, O., Prasetsincharoen, N., Chen, C. C. M., Noman, M., Chomchat, P., & Kinobe, R. T. (2025) · Marine Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.marenvres.2025.107605 · Cited by 2
Chehadeh, S. E., Heide, S., Quēlin, C., Rio, M., Margot, H., Geneviève, D., Isidor, B., Goldenberg, A., Guégan, C., Lesca, G., et al. (2025) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-025-01527-4 · Cited by 4
“The sequences were aligned to the human reference genome GRCh37 using the Burrows-Wheeler Aligner BWA software [54] (version 0.7.17) and made available as BAM files.”
InfluentialKoh, Y., Zhu, F., Hwang, Y., & Yoo, M.-J. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26199704 · Cited by 2
“7.15 [39].”
InfluentialGenome-Wide Inference of Essential Genes in Dirofilaria immitis Using Machine Learning
Campos, T. D. L., Korhonen, P. K., Young, N. D., Sumanam, S. B., Bullard, W. L., Harrington, J. L., Song, J., Chang, B. C. H., Marhöfer, R. J., Selzer, P. M., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms26209923 · Cited by 2
“Reads were mapped using BWA-MEM [23] with − 5SP and − t 8 options; PCR duplicates were flagged using Samblaster v.0.1.”
InfluentialSamuk, K., Visty, H., & Schluter, D. (2026) · Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.1002/ece3.73655 · Cited by 1
“We then aligned the filtered reads to the stickleback reference genome v3 (Glazer et al. 2015) using BWA version 0.7.10 “mem” algorithm (Li and Durbin 2010).”
InfluentialChow, Z.-T., Liu, J.-P., He, D.-H., Wang, C., Gan, T., Mansour, A., Shaker, N., Dravillas, C., Hoyd, R., Durbin, E., et al. (2025) · HGG advances · doi:10.1016/j.xhgg.2025.100527 · Cited by 2
Demography and adaptation of a species specific pollinator associated with an invasive fig tree
Wu, L.-H., Zou, J., Jiang, Y.-T., Lu, L., Jiang, K., Zhang, K.-J., Liu, W.-C., Xiang, W.-M., Wang, G., Segar, S., et al. (2025) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-025-08733-1 · Cited by 2
The Role of Youths in Within-Household Tuberculosis Transmission: A Household Contact Cohort Study
Brooks, M., Lecca, L., Becerra, M., Calderon, R., Contreras, C., Jimenez, J., Yataco, R., Zhang, Z.-B., Murray, M. B., & Huang, C.-C. (2025) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/cid/ciaf490 · Cited by 2
“We mapped the raw WGS reads to the Mtb H37Rv reference genome using the BWA-MEM algorithm [20, 21].”
Yeter, B., Demirkol, Y. K., Usluer, E., Kavak, İ. G., Ergin, S. G., & Elçioğlu, N. (2025) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes16101120 · Cited by 2
“7.17 [16].”
InfluentialIntra-host variation and transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron outbreaks in Shandong, China
Wei, X.-M., Gao, Q., Wang, Y.-H., Gao, X., Kou, Z.-Q., Li, X.-J., & Xu, Y.-F. (2025) · Msphere · doi:10.1128/msphere.00355-25 · Cited by 2
Hybridogenesis as an intermediate step between sexual reproduction and parthenogenesis
Brandt, A., Lavanchy, G., Mérel, V., Soldini, L., Massy, M., Dumas, Z., Gaudichau, E., Labédan, M., Genoud, F. P., Bastardot, M., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.09.19.677091 · Cited by 2
“7.17 with default options ( 39 ) .”
InfluentialHayashi, A., Ho, Y.-J., Makohon-Moore, A. P., Zucker, A., Hong, J., Umeda, S., Karnoub, E.-R. R., Huang, J., Baez, P., Kappagantula, R. L., et al. (2025) · Cancer Research Communications · doi:10.1158/2767-9764.crc-24-0167 · Cited by 4
“The resulting sequencing reads were analyzed in silico to assess quality, coverage, as well as alignment to the human reference genome using Burrows–Wheeler Aligner (23).”
Low‐Allele‐Frequency Somatic Variants in a Cohort of Sporadic Saccular “Berry” Cerebral Aneurysms
Karasozen, Y., McAvoy, M., Parada, C. A., Busald, T., Kondaboina, S., Osbun, J., Ruzevick, J., Levitt, M., Gonzalez-Cuyar, L. F., Kim, L. J., et al. (2025) · Journal of the American Heart Association : Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease · doi:10.1161/jaha.123.032483 · Cited by 2
Sozzoni, M., Balacco, J., Bellavita, M., Brüniche–Olsen, A., Formenti, G., Jain, N., Koo, B., Mountcastle, J., Palmada‐Flores, M., Trifonov, V. A., et al. (2025) · Molecular Ecology Resources · doi:10.1111/1755-0998.70040 · Cited by 4
“Long reads were aligned using the map-hifi option implemented in Minimap2 (Galaxy Version 2.24 + galaxy0) (Li and Durbin 2010).”
InfluentialThe First Whole Genome Sequence and Methylation Profile of Gerronema lapidescens QL01
Qiao, Y., Jia, Z., Liu, Y., Zhang, N., Luo, C., Meng, L., Cheng, Y. W., Li, M., Xie, X., & Qi, J. (2025) · Journal of Fungi · doi:10.3390/jof11090647 · Cited by 2
“7.10-r789) [17], and scaffolds evaluated for continuity, accuracy, consistency, and completeness [16,17].”
InfluentialStructural genomic variation in African cultivated rice contributed to shorter awns
Gao, B., Chang, L., Luo, W.-K., Luo, L., Hu, M., Ning, J., He, W., Wu, W.-G., & Zhu, Z.-F. (2025) · Crop Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cj.2025.07.012 · Cited by 2
Schrey, A. W., Ige, O., Ray, D., Lauer, M. E., Dawkins, D., Schrey, N. M., Sheldon, E. L., McCain, K., Maddox, J. D., Kohl, K. D., et al. (2025) · Journal of Avian Biology · doi:10.1002/jav.03469 · Cited by 2
Integrated multiomics analysis of MSI-H colorectal cancer identifies a subtype with poor outcome.
Zhang, G.-Z., Zhou, B., Xu, X.-X., Che, Y., Hong, W., Zheng, S., Zhang, S.-Z., Hu, W.-X., & Yang, Y.-M. (2025) · Modern Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.modpat.2025.100896 · Cited by 2
APOBEC3A drives deaminase mutagenesis in human gastric epitheliumPreprint
An, Y., Lee, J., Lim, J., Youk, J., Park, S., Park, J., Yi, K., Kim, T., Nam, C. H., Lee, W. H., et al. (2025) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.280338.124 · Cited by 1
“7.17 (Li and Durbin 2010).”
InfluentialPardo-Díaz, S., Másmela-Mendoza, J., Delgadillo-Duran, P., Bautista, E. J., & Rojas‐Tapias, D. F. (2025) · Microbiology Resource Announcements · doi:10.1128/mra.00233-25 · Cited by 2
Nierenberg, J. L., Adamson, A. W., Hu, D., Huntsman, S., Patrick, C. S., Li, M., Steele, L., Tao, S., Ding, Y. C., Tong, B., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-60564-0 · Cited by 5
“Paired-end reads were aligned to human reference genome (hg37) using the Burrows-Wheeler Alignment Tool (BWA, version 0.7.5a-r405) under default settings, and the aligned binary format sequence (BAM) fi les were sorted and indexed using SAMtools 56,57 .”
InfluentialGuan, W.-Y., Liu, S., Chen, Y., Chu, C., Peng, G.-H., Wang, J., Weng, Q., Fu, Y., & Li, J.-J. (2025) · Microbiology spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01399-25 · Cited by 2
“Based on subtyping results, the optimal HPV reference genome was selected, and BWA was used to align data to both hg38 and the selected reference genome to generate BAM files.”
Metadata
- Authors
- Li, H., & Durbin, R.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Durbin, Richard
- Venue
- Bioinformatics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-01-15
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 589-595
- ISSN
- 1367-4803 (ISSN-L)
- 1367-4811
- PMC
- PMC2828108
- OpenAlex
- W4247053599
- Cited by
- 12,063
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 639 · 2025: 972 · 2024: 1129 · 2023: 1067 · 2022: 1203 · 2021: 1245 · 2020: 1176 · 2019: 941 · 2018: 826 · 2017: 747 · 2016: 574 · 2015: 498 · 2014: 419 · 2013: 301 · 2012: 203
- FWCI
- 80.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Bioinformatics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (077192/Z/05/Z)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Theoretical Computer Science › Algorithms and Data Compression
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fractal and DNA sequence analysis
- Keywords
- long-read alignment, Burrows-Wheeler transform, Smith-Waterman alignment, sequence alignment, reference genome, blat, alignment speed, alignment accuracy, human genome
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