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Fast and accurate long-read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform.
Open accessAbstract
Motivation: Many programs for aligning short sequencing reads to a reference genome have been developed in the last 2 years. Most of them are very efficient for short reads but inefficient or not applicable for reads >200 bp because the algorithms are heavily and specifically tuned for short queries with low sequencing error rate. However, some sequencing platforms already produce longer reads and others are expected to become available soon. For longer reads, hashing-based software such as BLAT and SSAHA2 remain the only choices. Nonetheless, these methods are substantially slower than short-read aligners in terms of aligned bases per unit time. Results: We designed and implemented a new algorithm, Burrows-Wheeler Aligner's Smith-Waterman Alignment (BWA-SW), to align long sequences up to 1 Mb against a large sequence database (e.g. the human genome) with a few gigabytes of memory. The algorithm is as accurate as SSAHA2, more accurate than BLAT, and is several to tens of times faster than both. Availability: http://bio-bwa.sourceforge.net Contact: rd@sanger.ac.uk
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“Software confirmed to be working for this approach include (but are not limited to) Bowtie2 11, BWA 12, HISAT2 13, STAR 14 or any tool wrapping one of these aligners.”
From SNPsplit: Allele-specific splitting of alignments between genomes with known SNP genotypes (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
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“Mapping reads to specific genes is relatively straightforward with the bioinformatics tools available today [10-13], but using these tools to distinguish between reads derived from alternative alleles of the same gene remains challenging [9].”
From Sources of bias in measures of allele-specific expression derived from RNA-seq data aligned to a single reference genome (2013) · cites this paper as [11]
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Self-citationFast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform
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Self-citationUltrafast and memory-efficient alignment of short DNA sequences to the human genome.
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Influential<tt>BLAT</tt> —The <tt>BLAST</tt> -Like Alignment Tool
Kent, W. J. (2002) · Genome Research · doi:10.1101/gr.229202 · Cited by 8,480 · cited 1×
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Self-citationReal-time DNA sequencing from single polymerase molecules.
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- Burrows, 1994, A block-sorting lossless data compression algorithm
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Items 301–400 of 1,225
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“Trimmed reads were aligned to the human UCSC reference genome hg38 using the Burrows − Wheeler Aligner (v.0.7.17) 96 .”
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Andres, Q. L. S., Singchat, W., Panthum, T., Muangmai, N., Duengkae, P., Prasanpan, J., Srisapoome, P., Matsuda, Y., & Srikulnath, K. (2025) · Scientific Data · doi:10.1038/s41597-025-06325-6 · Cited by 3
Large DNA and protein language models enhance discovery of deleterious mutations in maize
Wang, Y.-R., He, C., Wang, Q.-Q., Li, R., Qin, Y., Wang, H.-W., Gou, M.-Y., Zhang, X.-B., Li, H., Huang, Q., et al. (2025) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/s13059-025-03890-2 · Cited by 3
“Trimmed reads were aligned to Chang7-2v1 with BWA [69].”
Self-citationThe Genome of Phoebe zhennan (Lauraceae) and Comparative Genomics of Phoebe
Yameng, M., Dianyang, Z., Li, L., & Li, J. (2025) · Integrative Conservation · doi:10.1002/inc3.70055 · Cited by 3
“Reads were aligned to the genome using BWA (Li and Durbin 2010), and alignment results were filtered to remove unaligned reads and those lacking correct cross ‐ linking information.”
Liang, Z.-C., Qi, N.-H., Li, R., Gao, R.-J., Guo, R., Li, J.-Y., Han, Y.-T., Xie, N., Zhao, W., Yao, X.-D., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2025.1680918 · Cited by 3
“7.17) (Li and Durbin, 2010).”
InfluentialBąbol-Pokora, K., Dobrewa, W., Bielska, M., Janczar, S., Madzio, J., Jaworowska, A., Kołtan, S., Hennig, M., Renke, J., Dachowska-Kałwak, I., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1688208 · Cited by 3
Zhang, F., Wang, C., Shangguan, A., Suo, X.-J., Chen, M., Tao, H., Jiang, F., Xu, T., Zhang, N., Hua, Z., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262311411 · Cited by 3
“7.17-r1188 [58].”
InfluentialHu, L.-L., Wang, X., Zhang, Y.-Z., Garg, V., Yuan, X., Xue, R.-F., Zhou, H.-M., Chen, Y.-H., Hu, W., Barmukh, R., et al. (2025) · Advancement of science · doi:10.1002/advs.202507157 · Cited by 3
From sample to clinical insight: a review of exome sequencing in disease diagnostics
Manjunath, G. K., Verma, R. K., Berua, A., Mahalingam, S., Dakal, T. C., & Kumar, A. (2025) · Methods · doi:10.1016/j.ymeth.2025.11.007 · Cited by 4
Global Mapping of circRNA-Target RNA Interactions Reveals P-Body-Mediated Translational Repression
Li, P., Zhang, H., Cai, Z.-K., Zhang, Y., Yang, R.-Y., Ye, R., Li, J.-X., Zhao, H.-L., Liu, B.-W., Yuan, Z., et al. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2025.11.16.688748 · Cited by 3
Pei, Y., Calpena, E., Brown, J. M., Schweßinger, R., Platts, L., McGowan, S. J., Ashraf, T., Forzano, F., Hurst, J. A., Jones, W. D., et al. (2025) · Genome Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13073-025-01571-0 · Cited by 5
Arnaiz, O., Guèrin, F., Couloux, A., Miró-Pina, C., Pellerin, G., Nekrasova, I., Amselem, J., Aury, J., Bhullar, S., Frapporti, A., et al. (2026) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-026-02584-w · Cited by 5
“Default TEdenovo parameters were used (except for BLR_sensitivity: 0; TRFmaxPeriod: 500), and the MIC-specific (masked constitutive MAC) assembly was used.”
Novel SNP Combination for Predictive Osteoporotic Diagnosis
Sopova, J., Krasnova, O., Semenova, P., Kryukova, J. D., Vasileva, G., Zhuk, A., Lesnyak, O., Karelkin, V., & Neganova, I. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262211117 · Cited by 3
“7.17) with default parameters [88].”
InfluentialNdlangisa, K., Lekhuleni, C., Skosana, H., Gouveia, L. D., Meiring, S., Walaza, S., Quan, V., Bentley, S., Lo, S. W., Cohen, C., et al. (2025) · Microbial Genomics · doi:10.1099/mgen.0.001559 · Cited by 3
“GPSC5-specific phylogeny was constructed by mapping Illumina reads of GPSC5 isolates against previously prepared lineage-specific references using Burrow-Wheeler Alignment (BWA) version 0.7.17-r1188 [20, 26].”
InfluentialLi, W.-L., Lu, Y.-J., Ren, D.-S., Li, J.-H., Ma, Y.-B., Li, X.-Y., Li, M.-J., Li, C.-X., Wang, Y., & Ma, X.-R. (2025) · Industrial crops and products (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2025.122038 · Cited by 3
Xiang, H., Guan, X., Wei, Y.-H., Luo, S.-Z., Zhang, H., Bu, F., Yan, Y., Fu, Y., Li, Y.-J., Xu, Q., et al. (2025) · Cell Genomics · doi:10.1016/j.xgen.2025.101062 · Cited by 3
GWAS Reveals Key Candidate Genes Associated with Milk-Production in Saanen Goats
Li, F., He, Y., Yan, H., Bu, J., Wang, Z., Xu, X., Li, D.-N., Cao, B., & An, X. (2025) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani15223282 · Cited by 3
“1_ARS1 reference genome using BWA-MEM [20].”
Debranching enzyme DBR1-mediated lariat RNA turnover requires ALBA proteins in Arabidopsis.
Ge, H., Tang, Q.-F., Wu, J., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Qian, W., Ma, J.-B., & Zheng, B.-L. (2025) · Molecules and Cells · doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2025.10.021 · Cited by 3
Spina bifida, diplomyelia, and Chiari-like malformation in an Aberdeen Angus calf
Korte, A., Hünerfauth, E., Reinartz-Albrecht, S., Marek, K., Tipold, A., Distl, O., Hewicker-Trautwein, M., & Heppelmann, M. (2025) · BMC Veterinary Research · doi:10.1186/s12917-025-05108-w · Cited by 3
“2 (Ensembl) using BWA 0.7.17 [22] resulting in a mean coverage of 19.5X for the case (average mapping rate 99.5”
InfluentialFesta, F., Priori, P., Chiarello, G., Palumbo, E., Zamperin, G., Cosentino, F., Maiorano, L., Menandro, M. L., Scaravelli, D., Benedictis, P. D., et al. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0332117 · Cited by 3
“7.12 and standard parameters [63].”
InfluentialDittmer, J., Mahillon, M., Debonneville, C., Faoro, F., Foissac, X., Schumpp, O., & Chouaia, B. (2025) · Environmental Microbiology Reports · doi:10.1111/1758-2229.70204 · Cited by 3
“7.17 (Li and Durbin 2010) for short reads) and checking for consistent coverage in the IGV genome browser (https:// igv. org/ app/ ).”
InfluentialTowards Efficient k-Mer Set Operations via Function-Assigned Masked Superstrings
Sladký, O., Veselý, P., & Břinda, K. (2025) · bioRxiv · doi:10.1101/2024.03.06.583483 · Cited by 3
“Finally, one can also use the textual representations of (r)SPSS, with efficient string indexes such as the FM index [24], BWA [32–35], or SSHash [45], but this only yields static indexes.”
Yang, J., Yao, C., Miao, J., Li, N., Ji, F., Hu, D., Wang, S.-T., Zhou, Z., Dai, K., Chen, A., et al. (2025) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture15192032 · Cited by 3
Yang, S., Ma, B.-N., Gao, M., Wu, J., Pilling, D., Zhu, L., Wang, X., Dong, Q., Wang, Y., Pool, K., et al. (2025) · Science China Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s11427-025-3043-5 · Cited by 3
“7.17-r1188) (Li and Durbin, 2010).”
InfluentialZhao, W., Xiang, Z., Zeng, W.-L., Qin, Y.-C., Pan, M., Wu, Y.-R., Duan, M.-X., Mou, Y., Liang, T., Zhang, Y.-M., et al. (2025) · Microbiology spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.01026-25 · Cited by 3
Nour, I., Álvarez-Narváez, S., Kulkarni, A., & Mohanty, S. K. (2025) · Microbiology spectrum · doi:10.1128/spectrum.00886-25 · Cited by 3
Tian, Y., Wu, Z.-N., Tian, C.-Y., Yang, Y.-T., & Li, Z.-Y. (2025) · Frontiers in Plant Science · doi:10.3389/fpls.2025.1648505 · Cited by 3
“7.15) (Li and Durbin, 2010).”
InfluentialLian, Z.-Y., Jiang, T., Liang, Y.-F., Hu, W., Peng, H.-M., Zhang, H., Gong, H., You, C.-X., Wang, G.-Y., Liu, L., et al. (2025) · Horticulture Research · doi:10.1093/hr/uhaf240 · Cited by 3
“7.17-r1188) [93].”
InfluentialLyu, D., Fu, Q., Liu, M.-Y., Hu, Y.-L., Lyu, G., & Wang, W.-J. (2025) · Aquaculture · doi:10.1016/j.aquaculture.2025.743178 · Cited by 3
Naturally acquired promoter variation influences Streptococcus pneumoniae infection outcomes.
Barton, T. E., Green, A. E., Mellor, K. C., McKnight, A. E., Bacher, K., Kumar, S., Newbold, K., Lorenz, O., Pohler, E., Monshi, M. S., et al. (2025) · Cell Host and Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2025.08.005 · Cited by 3
Tumor microenvironment-based classification for predicting gastric cancer prognosis
Hong, Y.-Y., Chi, S.-A., Lee, H. S., Hwang, I., Kang, S. Y., Ahn, S., Kim, K., An, J., Choi, M., Lee, J.-H., et al. (2025) · Comput. Biol. Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110938 · Cited by 3
Wang, S.-S., Liu, Y.-T., Tsai, P.-H., Cheng, S.-F., Chen, K.-Y., & Chen, R.-K. (2025) · Rice · doi:10.1186/s12284-025-00838-9 · Cited by 3
“The filtered reads were then aligned to the Nipponbare reference genome (IRGSP 1.0; Kawahara et al. 2013) using BWA-MEM (Li and Durbin 2010).”
InfluentialNext generation sequencing as a panacea for antibiotic susceptibility testing: yea or nay?
van Belkum, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1650925 · Cited by 3
“Several bioinformatic tools have been designed to directly analyze resistance genes in raw NGS datasets, without prior genome assembly (66–68).”
Jin, J., Guo, S., Deng, Y., Chen, Y., Chen, L., Jiang, Y., Wang, Z., & Xiang, R. (2025) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2025.1611663 · Cited by 3
“The processed reads were aligned to the human reference genome (GRCh38/hg38) using the Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (Li and Durbin, 2010) (BWA-MEM, v0.”
Chen, X., Zheng, Y., Hu, F.-B., Liu, X.-L., Wang, W., Qi, F., Niu, X., Huang, S.-H., Wang, J.-F., & Ran, X.-Q. (2025) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12864-025-11860-y · Cited by 3
“7.1 [18].”
InfluentialA genomic test of sex-biased dispersal in white sharks
Laso‐Jadart, R., Corrigan, S. L., Yang, L., Lee, S.-H., Gay, E. J., Fedrigo, O. D., Lowe, C. G., Skomal, G. B., Cliff, G., Hoyos-Padilla, E. M., et al. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2507931122 · Cited by 6
Loss of NOTCH2 creates a TRIM28-dependent vulnerability in small cell lung cancer
Hong, D., Lyu, Y., Nayak, R., Becker, J. S., Booker, M. A., Masuzawa, K., Devos, Z., Wang, T., Saito, S., Liu, Q., et al. (2025) · Developmental Cell · doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2025.07.023 · Cited by 5
Fang, H., Eacker, S. M., Wu, Y., Paschal, C., Wood, M., Nelson, B., Muratov, A., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Diagnostics · doi:10.1016/j.jmoldx.2025.07.005 · Cited by 3
Li, Z., Wang, T., Ren, X., Han, F., Ma, Y.-M., & Yun, L. (2025) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.19617 · Cited by 3
“The raw data obtained from sequencing were identified using dual-index, and after filtering the junctions of sequenced reads, sequencing quality and data volume were evaluated ( Li & Durbin, 2010 ).”
Shen, Z., Zhou, B.-F., Liang, Y., Wang, J., Yu, R.-X., Shi, Y., Ling, S.-J., Luo, W.-J., Lin, Q.-Q., Niu, J.-W., et al. (2025) · BMC Plant Biology · doi:10.1186/s12870-025-06963-3 · Cited by 3
“7.17 [46].”
InfluentialHu, J.-J., Xin, M., Liu, J., Li, H.-X., Li, X.-M., Chen, L., Yang, P., Zhao, H., Sun, P., Gao, G., et al. (2025) · BMC Medical Genomics · doi:10.1186/s12920-025-02184-7 · Cited by 3
“Raw sequencing data were processed by removing low-quality reads, and the Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (BWA, v 0.7.17) was utilized to align the remaining clean reads to the GRCh37/hg19 human reference genome [19].”
InfluentialSelf-citationCroze, M., Paladin, A., Zingale, S., Alemanno, S., Nicolis, F., Mottes, E., Maixner, F., Pedrotti, A., Günther, T., Zink, A., et al. (2025) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-025-61601-8 · Cited by 4
“…merging reads using PEAR (v.0.9.10) 101 with a minimum length of the assembled sequences and a minimum number of overlapping bases of 25bp. Merged reads were then mapped to the Genome Reference Consortium Human Build 37 (hg19) and to the mtDNA reference genome (rCRS) 102 usingBWA(v.0.7.17) 103 .”
InfluentialSeasonal dynamics and risk assessment of antibiotic resistome in straw-retained agroecosystems.
Wu, Y., Fan, Y., Tao, Y.-H., Guo, Q., Pang, S., Yang, W., & Zhang, X.-M. (2025) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2025.118630 · Cited by 3
Multiplexed, universal probe-based rare variant detection with USE-PCR
Alvarado, J., Jacky, L., Yurk, D., Aguiar, A., Belitz, P., & Schwartz, J. J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-08814-5 · Cited by 3
Revisiting Aurochs Haplogroup C: Paleogenomic Perspectives from Northeastern China
Zhu, Y., Hou, X., Zhao, J., Xiao, B., Song, S., Zou, X., Liu, S., Hofreiter, M., & Lai, X. (2025) · Genes · doi:10.3390/genes16060639 · Cited by 2
Microtubule regulation in cancer cells
Matov, A. (2026) · Frontiers in Cell and Developmental Biology · doi:10.3389/fcell.2025.1677302 · Cited by 7
“We used hg38 genome as reference and aligned the reads with BWA-MEM version 0.7.15 (Li and Durbin, 2010).”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Li, H., & Durbin, R.
- Affiliations
- Wellcome Sanger Institute (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Durbin, Richard
- Venue
- Bioinformatics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-01-15
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 589-595
- ISSN
- 1367-4803 (ISSN-L)
- 1367-4811
- PMC
- PMC2828108
- OpenAlex
- W4247053599
- Cited by
- 12,063
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 639 · 2025: 972 · 2024: 1129 · 2023: 1067 · 2022: 1203 · 2021: 1245 · 2020: 1176 · 2019: 941 · 2018: 826 · 2017: 747 · 2016: 574 · 2015: 498 · 2014: 419 · 2013: 301 · 2012: 203
- FWCI
- 80.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Bioinformatics (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (077192/Z/05/Z)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Phylogenetic Studies
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Theoretical Computer Science › Algorithms and Data Compression
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fractal and DNA sequence analysis
- Keywords
- long-read alignment, Burrows-Wheeler transform, Smith-Waterman alignment, sequence alignment, reference genome, blat, alignment speed, alignment accuracy, human genome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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