Cited by 2,108Pain Management and Opioid UseAnesthesia and Pain ManagementMusculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation

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Assessment of pain

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Breivik, H., Borchgrevink, P.C., Allen, S.M., Rosseland, L.A., Romundstad, L., Breivik Hals, E.K., Kvarstein, G., Stubhaug, A.·2008·British Journal of Anaesthesia

DOI 10.1093/bja/aen103

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Abstract

Unlabelled Valid and reliable assessment of pain is essential for both clinical trials and effective pain management. The nature of pain makes objective measurement impossible. Acute pain can be reliably assessed, both at rest (important for comfort) and during movement (important for function and risk of postoperative complications), with one-dimensional tools such as numeric rating scales or visual analogue scales. Both these are more powerful in detecting changes in pain intensity than a verbal categorical rating scale. In acute pain trials, assessment of baseline pain must ensure sufficient pain intensity for the trial to detect meaningful treatment effects. Chronic pain assessment and its impact on physical, emotional, and social functions require multidimensional qualitative tools and health-related quality of life instruments. Several disease- and patient-specific functional scales are useful, such as the Western Ontario and MacMaster Universities for osteoarthritis, and several neuropathic pain screening tools. The Initiative on Methods Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials recommendations for outcome measurements of chronic pain trials are also useful for routine assessment. Cancer pain assessment is complicated by a number of other bodily and mental symptoms such as fatigue and depression, all affecting quality of life. It is noteworthy that quality of life reported by chronic pain patients can be as much affected as that of terminal cancer patients. Any assessment of pain must take into account other factors, such as cognitive impairment or dementia, and assessment tools validated in the specific patient groups being studied.

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Authors: Breivik, H., Borchgrevink, P. C., Allen, S. M., Rosseland, L. A., Romundstad, L., Breivik Hals, E. K., Kvarstein, G., & Stubhaug, A.
Affiliations: University of Oslo (NO)
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
Corresponding author: Breivik, H.
ORCID: Breivik, H.
Rosseland, L.A.
Romundstad, L.
Kvarstein, G.
Stubhaug, A.
Venue: British Journal of Anaesthesia
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2008-07
Volume: 101
Issue: 1
Pages: 17-24
ISSN: 0007-0912 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/bja/aen103
OpenAlex: W2138261897
Cited by: 2,108
References: 50
Citations by year: 2026: 107 · 2025: 190 · 2024: 163 · 2023: 187 · 2022: 158 · 2021: 174 · 2020: 165 · 2019: 146 · 2018: 127 · 2017: 113 · 2016: 112 · 2015: 118 · 2014: 88 · 2013: 76 · 2012: 53
FWCI: 7.64
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: bronze
doi.org
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/legal/tdmrep-license (tdm)
www.elsevier.com/open-access/userlicense/1.0/ (vor, 3443 d)
Locations: British Journal of Anaesthesia (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Opioid Use
Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Pain Management
Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Musculoskeletal pain and rehabilitation
Keywords: pain assessment, acute pain, chronic pain, cancer pain, health-related quality of life, numerical rating scale, visual analogue scale, functional scales, neuropathic pain screening, cognitive impairment, dementia
MeSH terms: Acute Disease, Analgesics, Chronic Disease, Humans, Movement, Neoplasms, Pain, Pain Measurement, Postoperative Pain, Treatment Outcome

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