State-of-the-Art Review on Immersive Virtual Reality Interventions for Colonoscopy-Induced Anxiety and Pain
Open accessAbstract
Background: Colonoscopy related fear impairs the current gold standard screening of colorectal cancer. Compared to other minimally invasive procedures for cancer screening, colonoscopy-induced anxiety exceeds the procedure through bowel preparation. Immersive virtual reality’s (iVR) role in alleviating the complex stress–pain relationship encountered during medical procedures is directly proportional to the rising affordability of state-of-the-art Head-Mounted-Displays (HMDs). Objective: to assess the effect of iVR on patients’ colonoscopy-induced anxiety and pain. Materials and methods: A systematic search was conducted in PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, Embase and Scopus databases up to January 2022. Clinical trials evaluating anxiety as an outcome were included without language restriction. Results: Four clinical trials were included: three on the patients’ intraprocedural anxiety and one on patient education. Intraprocedural iVR interventions for colonoscopy-induced anxiety and pain revealed a similar effect as conventional sedation, while a statistically significant reduction was reported for non-sedated patients. iVR patient education improved the quality of bowel preparation and reduced patient anxiety before colonoscopy. Conclusions: The current research highlights the need to use high-end HMDs and appropriate interactive iVR software content for colonoscopy-induced anxiety. Methodological frameworks regarding the eligibility of participants, double-blinding and randomization of iVR studies can facilitate the development of iVR implementation for anxiety and pain management.
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Presence inception is represented by the user's perception of acceptance of the virtual environment, whereas the level of immersion is positively correlated with the cumulative effect resulting from the quality of sensorial information delivered through an HMD.
“Presence inception is represented by the user’s perception of acceptance of the virtual environment, whereas the level of immersion is positively correlated with the cumulative effect resulting from the quality of sensorial information delivered through an HMD [15].”
From SAFEvR MentalVeRse.app: Development of a Free Immersive Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy for Acrophobia and Claustrophobia (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
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Gaina, M.-A., Sbarcea, S.-V., Popa, B.-S., Stefanescu, B.-V., Gaina, A.-M., Szalontay, A.-S., Bolos, A., & Stefanescu, C. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14070651 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“There is an urge for a specific MeSH (Medical Subject Heading) to clarify the differentiation of exposure types within the currently published literature [15].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
- Authors
- Găină, M.-A., Szalontay, A. S., Ștefănescu, G., Bălan, G. G., Ghiciuc, C. M., Boloș, A., Găină, A.-M., & Ștefănescu, C.
- Affiliations
- Grigore T. Popa University of Medicine and Pharmacy (RO)
- 1st Neurology Ward, Hospital of Neurosurgery “Prof. Dr. Nicolae Oblu” Iasi, 2 Ateneului Street, 700309 Iasi, Romania
- Corresponding author
- Găină, Marcel-Alexandru
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Clinical Medicine
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2022-03-17
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1670
- ISSN
- 2077-0383 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8949336
- OpenAlex
- W4220906376
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 81
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 4
- FWCI
- 0.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Clinical Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Pediatric Pain Management Techniques
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Colorectal Cancer Screening and Detection
- Keywords
- immersive virtual reality, colonoscopy, procedural anxiety, procedural pain, head-mounted displays, bowel preparation, colorectal cancer screening, patient education, sedation, anxiety reduction
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