The DOI matches its Crossref record; 61 of the 61 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Effect of patient warming during Caesarean delivery on maternal and neonatal outcomes: a meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
Background Perioperative warming is recommended for surgery under anaesthesia, however its role during Caesarean delivery remains unclear. This meta-analysis aimed to determine the efficacy of active warming on outcomes after elective Caesarean delivery. Methods We searched databases for randomized controlled trials utilizing forced air warming or warmed fluid within 30 min of neuraxial anaesthesia placement. Primary outcome was maximum temperature change. Secondary outcomes included maternal (end of surgery temperature, shivering, thermal comfort, hypothermia) and neonatal (temperature, umbilical cord pH and Apgar scores) outcomes. Standardized mean difference/mean difference/risk ratio (SMD/MD/RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using random effects modelling (CMA, version 2, 2005). Results 13 studies met our criteria and 789 patients (416 warmed and 373 controls) were analysed for the primary outcome. Warming reduced temperature change (SMD -1.27°C [-1.86, -0.69]; P=0.00002); resulted in higher end of surgery temperatures (MD 0.43 °C [0.27, 0.59]; P<0.00001); was associated with less shivering (RR 0.58 [0.43, 0.79]; P=0.0004); improved thermal comfort (SMD 0.90 [0.36, 1.45]; P=0.001), and decreased hypothermia (RR 0.66 [0.50, 0.87]; P=0.003). Umbilical artery pH was higher in the warmed group (MD 0.02 [0, 0.05]; P=0.04). Egger's test (P=0.001) and contour-enhanced funnel plot suggest a risk of publication bias for the primary outcome of temperature change. Conclusions Active warming for elective Caesarean delivery decreases perioperative temperature reduction and the incidence of hypothermia and shivering. These findings suggest that forced air warming or warmed fluid should be used for elective Caesarean delivery.
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“Active steps to maintain normothermia are supported by highquality evidence.19”
From Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine Special Statement: Surgical safety checklists for cesarean delivery (2021) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Sims, 1993, Simple method for warming fluids for Caesarean section, Anaesth Intensive Care, 21, 124
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Yu, F., Mao, H., Dai, Y., Luo, L., Wang, M., & Zhong, Y. (2026) · Clinical and Experimental Obstetrics & Gynecology · doi:10.31083/ceog45563
Perioperative Hypothermia: Mechanism, Risk Factors and New Protocols in Prevention and Treatment
Karacaer, F. (2026) · Cukurova Anestezi ve Cerrahi Bilimler Dergisi · doi:10.36516/jocass.1859000
Inadvertent hypothermia in obstetric patients: prevention and treatment (a scoping review)
Александровна, Б. Н., Shifman, E. M., Николаевич, П. Д., Lebedinskii, K. M., & Katkova, N. Y. (2026) · Russian Journal of Anesthesiology and Reanimatology · doi:10.17116/anaesthesiology202602193
Bonnet, M., Gouez, A. L., Fischer, C., Seco, A., & Alfonsi, P. (2026) · International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia · doi:10.1016/j.ijoa.2026.105214
Öztürkler, S., Özhanlı, Y., Şahin, A., Şimşek, A., & Çakır, A. (2026) · Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2026.05.029
Yang, K., Liu, Q. Y., Zhang, L., Wang, L., Xiong, F., Song, J., Zhou, Q., & Peng, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2026.1845684
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Talhaoğlu, D., Başer, M., & Özgün, M. T. (2026) · AORN Journal · doi:10.1002/aorn.70174
Metadata
- Authors
- Sultan, P., Habib, A. S., Cho, Y., & Carvalho, B.
- Affiliations
- University College Hospital (GB)
- Duke University (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- Corresponding author
- Sultan, P.
- Venue
- British Journal of Anaesthesia
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-10
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 500-510
- ISSN
- 0007-0912 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4574493
- OpenAlex
- W2247729138
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 7
- FWCI
- 1.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- British Journal of Anaesthesia (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Thermal Regulation in Medicine
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Obstetrics and Gynecology › Maternal and Perinatal Health Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Anesthesia and Pain Management
- Keywords
- patient warming, cesarean section, perioperative hypothermia, shivering, thermal comfort, forced-air warming, warmed intravenous fluids, neuraxial anesthesia, umbilical cord pH, neonatal outcomes, maternal outcomes
- MeSH terms
- Body Temperature, Cesarean Section, Female, Hot Temperature, Humans, Hypothermia, Pregnancy, Shivering, Rewarming, Perioperative Care
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