CHOLINERGIC ‘BLOCKADE’ AS A MODEL OF THE COGNITIVE DEFICITS IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE
Abstract
The performance of 44 Alzheimer patients and 33 controls was examined on tests previously found to be differentially affected by scopolamine administration. Tests of secondary memory, performance intelligence, primary memory, semantic retrieval, procedural memory and verbal intelligence were included. It was found that Alzheimer patients performed more poorly than controls on tests of secondary memory, as measured by selective reminding, recall and recognition. Procedural memory, as measured by stem completion, homophone spelling and transformed text reading, did not differ between Alzheimer patients and controls. Semantic memory, verbal intelligence and primary memory were impaired in moderate and severe cases. However, patients with 'mild' dementia, as measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination, did not differ from controls on tests of semantic memory, verbal intelligence and primary memory. It was concluded that the pattern of anterograde memory deficits and preserved abilities in mild dementia mimicked that previously observed in scopolamine administration in young subjects.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The degree to which acute mAChR blockade models such dementias seems rather impressive.
“In light of these considerations, the degree to which acute mAChR blockade models such dementias seems rather impressive (see also Christensen et al, 1992; Aarsland et al, 1994; Broks et al, 1988).”
From Modes and models of forebrain cholinergic neuromodulation of cognition (2011) · cites this paper as Christensen et al, 1992
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Attention and executive deficits in Alzheimer's disease: A critical review
Perry, R. J. (1999) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/122.3.383 · Cited by 1,180 · see citing works
Modes and models of forebrain cholinergic neuromodulation of cognition
Hasselmo, M. E., & Sarter, M. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.104 · Cited by 733 · see citing works
“In light of these considerations, the degree to which acute mAChR blockade models such dementias seems rather impressive (see also Christensen et al, 1992; Aarsland et al, 1994; Broks et al, 1988).”
BackgroundThe significance of the cholinergic system in the brain during aging and in Alzheimer’s disease
Schliebs, R., & Arendt, T. (2006) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-006-0579-2 · Cited by 531 · see citing works
“humans (Christensen et al., 1992; Molchan et al., 1992), providing evidence for the important role of the central”
BackgroundPerry, R. J., Watson, P., & Hodges, J. R. (2000) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(99)00079-2 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Scopolamine model of dementia: electroencephalogram findings and cognitive performance
Ebert, & Kirch (1998) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2362.1998.00393.x · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Repetition priming in normal aging and Alzheimer's disease: A review of findings and theories.
Fleischman, D. A., & Gabrieli, J. D. E. (1998) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037//0882-7974.13.1.88 · Cited by 252 · see citing works
Balfour, D. J. K., & Fagerström, K. O. (1996) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0163-7258(96)00099-x · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Memory Impairment Differs in Frontotemporal Dementia and Alzhemier?s Disease.
Pasquier, F., Laurier-Grymonprez, L., Lebert, F., & der Linden, M. V. (2001) · Neurocase · doi:10.1093/neucas/7.2.161 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“This severity of the dementia (Christensen et al., 1992) and is not impaired in scopolamine ‘blockade’ (Nissen et al.”
BackgroundDecursin from Angelica gigas mitigates amnesia induced by scopolamine in mice
Kang, S. Y., Lee, K. Y., Park, M. J., Kim, Y. C., Markelonis, G. J., Oh, T. H., & Kim, Y. C. (2002) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/s1074-7427(02)00007-2 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Misane, I., & Ögren, S. O. (2003) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300024 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“Systemic administration of the nonselective muscarinic receptor antagonists atropine and scopolamine causes cognitive deficits in humans (Christensen et al, 1992; Ebert and Kirch, 1998; Wesnes et al, 1991), nonhuman primates (Rupniak et al, 1989) and rodents (Patel and Tariot, 1991; Sunderland et…”
Sarter, M. F. (1994) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf02244983 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“It comes as no surprise that the acute effects of muscarinic antagonists (similar to BZR agonists) show greater face validity when compared with "mild cases" of Alzheimer's disease ( Christensen et al. 1992 ) because of the more "acute" symptomatology observed in these patients when compared with severe and more advan…”
BackgroundGutierres, J. M., Carvalho, F. B., Schetinger, M. R. C., Agostinho, P. M., Marisco, P. C., Vieira, J. M., da Rosa, M. M., Bohnert, C., Rubin, M. A., Morsch, V. M., et al. (2013) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2013.12.006 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
“These data support the use of scopolamine, since it compromises cholinergic neurotransmission and mimics the memory deficit observed in diseases characterized cholinergic dysfunction, such as AD (Christensen et al., 1992; Kopelman and Corn, 1988; Wesnes et al., 1991).”
ResultDecker, M. W., Bannon, A. W., Curzon, P., Gunther, K. L., Brioni, J. D., Holladay, M. W., Lin, N.-H., Li, Y., Daanen, J. F., Buccafusco, J. J., et al. (1997) · The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/s0022-3565(24)37015-6 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Efficacy of tacrine and lecithin in mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease: double blind trial
Maltby, N. H., Broe, G. A., Creasey, H. M., et al. (1994) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.308.6933.879 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationCholinergic modulation, visual function and Alzheimer's dementia
Nobili, L., & Sannita, W. G. (1997) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/s0042-6989(97)00076-x · Cited by 78 · see citing works
The septo-hippocampal system, learning and recovery of function
Niewiadomska, G., Baksalerska-Pazera, M., & Riedel, G. (2009) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.03.039 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“These studies were extended and confirmed in rodents (Fibiger et al., 1991) as well as in humans (Christensen et al., 1992; Molchan et al., 1992).”
Neuropsychology of Alzheimer's Disease
Peña‐Casanova, J., Sánchez‐Benavides, G., de Sola, S., Manero-Borràs, R. M., & Casals-Coll, M. (2012) · Archives of Medical Research · doi:10.1016/j.arcmed.2012.08.015 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
PET Imaging of Cholinergic Neurotransmission in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Tiepolt, S., Meyer, P., Patt, M., Deuther‐Conrad, W., Hesse, S., Barthel, H., & Sabri, O. (2022) · Journal of Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.2967/jnumed.121.263198 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“This hypothesis was convincingly confirmed because anticholinergic drugs could be proved to induce cognitive impairment (3,6) whereas AChE inhibitors could be proved to induce the opposite (3).”
BackgroundGutierres, J. M., Carvalho, F. B., Schetinger, M. R. C., Rodrigues, M., Schmatz, R., Pimentel, V. C., Vieira, J. M., da Rosa, M. M., Marisco, P. C., Ribeiro, D. A., et al. (2012) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2012.09.013 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“…of rats (number of crossing and rearing responses) in the open-field inch, jump and vocalization). ways, mimics the memory deficit observed in diseases characterized by impairment in cholinergic neurotransmission, such as AD (Christensen et al., 1992; Kopelman and Corn, 1988; Wesnes et al., 1991).”
BackgroundSarter, M. F., & Turchi, J. N. (2001) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders · doi:10.1159/000048633 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Iragui, V. J., Kutas, M., & Salmon, D. P. (1996) · PubMed · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Rammsayer, T. H., Rodewald, S., & Groh, D. (2000) · Cognitive Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0926-6410(99)00045-2 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Liem-Moolenaar, M., de Boer, P., Timmers, M., Schoemaker, R. C., van Hasselt, J. G. C., Schmidt, S., & van Gerven, J. (2011) · British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2011.03936.x · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Memory Assessment in Studies of Cognition-Enhancing Drugs for Alzheimer??s Disease
Simard, M., & van Reekum, R. (1999) · Drugs & Aging · doi:10.2165/00002512-199914030-00004 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Functional Changes in Brain Activity During Priming in Alzheimer's Disease
Bäckman, L., Almkvist, O., Nyberg, L. H., & Andersson, J. (2000) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/089892900561922 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
The Impact of Purinergic System Enzymes on Noncommunicable, Neurological, and Degenerative Diseases
Bagatini, M. D., dos Santos, A. A., Cardoso, A. M., Mânica, A., Reschke, C. R., & Carvalho, F. B. (2018) · Journal of Immunology Research · doi:10.1155/2018/4892473 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Härtig, W., Bauer, A., Brauer, K., Grosche, J., Hortobágyi, T., Penke, B., Schliebs, R., & Harkany, T. (2002) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro.2002.13.2.95 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Implicit Verbal Memory in Alzheimer's Disease
Russo, R., & Spinnler, H. R. (1994) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/s0010-9452(13)80335-8 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Physostigmine Reversal of Scopolamine-Induced Hypofrontality
Prohovnik, I., Arnold, S. E., Smith, G., & Lucas, L. (1997) · Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow & Metabolism · doi:10.1097/00004647-199702000-00012 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Mehta, M. A., & Hawkins, P. C. T. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-820480-1.00068-1 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Fleischman, D. A., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Rinaldi, J. A., et al. (1997) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(96)00057-7 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Maki, P. M., & Knopman, D. S. (1996) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.10.4.464 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Mechanisms of GABAergic and cholinergic neurotransmission in auditory thalamus: Impact of aging
Richardson, B. D., Sottile, S. Y., & Caspary, D. M. (2020) · Hearing Research · doi:10.1016/j.heares.2020.108003 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Fleischman, D. A., Gabrieli, J. D. E., Gilley, D. W., et al. (1999) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037//0894-4105.13.1.22 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“Intact priming following study-phase generation in AD is a frequently reported (e.g., Christensen & Birrell, 1991; Christensen et al., 1992; Dick et al., 1989; Fleischman et al., 28”
BackgroundRoßner, S. (1997) · International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0736-5748(97)00035-x · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The use of EEG in Alzheimer’s disease, with and without scopolamine – A pilot study
Snædal, J., Jóhannesson, G. H., Gudmundsson, T. E., et al. (2010) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2010.01.008 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Analysis of neuropsychological test scores has shown that young subjects who were cholinergically ‘‘blocked” with scopolamine had a test performance pattern similar to mild AD patients while their performance pattern did not mimic the pattern of AD patients as a group (Christensen et al., 1992).”
Pahaye, D. B., Bum, E. N., Taïwé, G. S., et al. (2017) · Behavioural Neurology · doi:10.1155/2017/5952897 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cozzolino, R., Guaraldi, D., Giuliani, A., et al. (1994) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)90267-4 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Valeš, K., & Stuchlı́k, A. (2005) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.02.012 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“considered to be a model of age-related impairments of cognitive functions by some researchers [ 6 ].”
BackgroundIragui, V. J., Kutas, M., & Salmon, D. P. (1996) · Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology/Evoked Potentials Section · doi:10.1016/0168-5597(96)95117-5 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“…completion tasks may be affected by encoding strategies (Partridge et al., 1990), explicit memory (Randolph, 1991) and the severity of dementia (Christensen et al., 1992; but see also Nebes' argument above (Nebes, 1989)), differential contributions of these factors may account for the variable…”
Aging, Language, and Language Disorders
Nicholas, M. L., Connor, L. T., Obler, L. K., & Albert, M. L. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012619322-0/50015-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Stem-completion priming in Alzheimer's disease: The importance of target word articulation
Downes, J. J., Davis, E., Davies, P., Perfect, T. J., Wilson, K., Mayes, A. R., & SAGAR, H. J. (1996) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/0028-3932(95)00084-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“impaired stem-completion priming [4, 5, 15, 20-22, 29, 31, 33, 39, 40], a significant number of studies have also reported normal levels of this form of repetition priming in DAT [6, 7, 9, 10, 19, 23, 24, 28].”
Nishiyama, K., Sugishita, M., Kurisaki, H., et al. (1998) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.37.514 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The impact of semantic impairment on word stem completion in Alzheimer's disease
Beauregard, M., Chertkow, H. M., Gold, D. A., et al. (2001) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/s0028-3932(00)00120-2 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Verbal fluency facilitated by the cholinergic blocker, scopolamine
Pompéia, S., Rusted, J. M., & Curran, H. V. (2002) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/hup.331 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Skirzewski, M., Hernández, L., Schechter, L. E., et al. (2010) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2010.02.008 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“, 1986; Rush, 1988), and it has been useful as an animal model of the memory deficit seen in patients with neurodegenerative disorders like AD (Christensen et al., 1992; Ebert and Kirch, 1998; Patel and Tariot, 1991).”
MethodCholinergic Grb2-Associated-Binding Protein 1 Regulates Cognitive Function
Lu, N., Tan, C., Sun, N.-H., Shao, L.-X., Liu, X.-X., Gao, Y.-P., Tao, R., Jiang, Q., Wang, C., Huang, J.-Y., et al. (2017) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhx141 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“A causal relationship has been postulated between cholinergic dysfunction and the progression of cognitive decline in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (Christensen et al. 1992; Goekoop et al. 2006; Okada et al. 2013; Yang et al. 2013); however, the cause of the dysfunction remains unclear.”
BackgroundImprovement of Semantic Categorization through Procedural Learning in Alzheimer's Disease
Arroyo-Anlló, E. M., Ingrand, P., & Gil, R. (2012) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2012-111856 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“However, three studies [18, 35, 36] showed that procedural learning was preserved in AD.”
Anticholinergic Amnesia is Mediated by Alterations in Human Network Connectivity Architecture
Chhatwal, J. P., Schultz, A. P., Hedden, T., Boot, B. P., Wigman, S. E., Rentz, D. M., Johnson, K. A., & Sperling, R. A. (2018) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhy214 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“delirium, as well as to test experimental therapeutics aimed at improving memory storage and recall (Christensen et al. 1992; Sperling et al. 2002).”
BackgroundVisual discrimination and P300 are affected in parallel by cholinergic agents in the behaving monkey
Antal, A., Kovanecz, I., & Bodis-Wollner, I. G. (1994) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/0031-9384(94)90274-7 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Animal Models to Produce Cortical Cholinergic Dysfunction
Schliebs, R., & Bigl, V. (1996) · Methods in neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s1043-9471(96)80108-x · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Effects of chronic tramadol administration on cognitive flexibility in mice
Attoh-Mensah, E., Léger, M., Loggia, G., Fréret, T., Chavoix, C., & Schumann‐Bard, P. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05903-x · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Imaging the Vesicular Acetylcholine Transporter in Schizophrenia: a PET study using [18F]-VAT
Weinstein, J., Moeller, S. J., Perlman, G., Gil, R. B., Snellenberg, J. V. V., Wengler, K., Meng, J., Slifstein, M., & Abi-Dargham, A. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.01.019 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Is implicit memory preserved in alzheimer's disease? implications for theories of implicit memory
Maki, P. M. (1995) · Aging Neuropsychology and Cognition · doi:10.1080/13825589508256597 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Reappraising neurotransmitter-based strategies
Möller, H. (1999) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(98)00045-5 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Cognition Models and Drug Discovery
Levin, E. D., & Buccafusco, J. J. (2006) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/9781420004335-21 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Pramiracetam effects on scopolamine-induced amnesia in healthy volunteers
Mauri, M. F., Sinforiani, E., Reverberi, F., et al. (1994) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/0167-4943(94)00542-7 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Jing, H. E., Chen, Y. M., Jian-hong, W. A. N. G., & Ma, Y. (2009) · Zoological Research · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1141.2008.06613 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Cholinergic antagonists, scopolamine and atropine disrupted memory process in various tasks in animals (Meyers, 1965; Patel & Tariot, 1991; Rupniak et al, 1989; Sunderland et al, 1986), and in human (Christensen et al, 1992; Drachman & Leavitt, 1974; Ebert & Kirch, 1998; Wesnes et al, 1991).”
BackgroundAnticholinergic Drugs and Cognitive Functions
Mizusawa, H. (1998) · Internal Medicine · doi:10.2169/internalmedicine.37.493 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Neuropsychiatric Effects of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
Wolkowitz, O. M., & Reus, V. I. (2011) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110811162.271 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cognition Models and Drug Discovery
Decker, M. W. (2006) · Frontiers in neuroscience · doi:10.1201/9781420004335.ch16 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Designing Novel Peptidic Inhibitors of Beta Amyloid Oligomerization
Roy, S. S. (2010) · Libraries and Cultural Resources (University of Calgary) · doi:10.5072/prism/17548 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Non-mnestic cognitive function in the scopolamine model of Alzheimer's Disease
Obonsawin, M. C., Robertson, A. H. J., Crawford, J. R., Perera, C., Walker, S. A., Blackmore, L., PARKER, D. M., & BESSON, J. A. O. (1998) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(199808)13:6 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Ahmadi, A., Roghani, M., Noori, S. K., & Nahri-Niknafs, B. (2018) · Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.2174/1389557518666180716122608 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Toward a Neurochemistry of Naming and Anomia
Albert, M. L. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012304260-6/50010-4 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Improving Effect of Atomoxetine and Reboxetine on Memory in Passive Avoidance Task
Yuce, M., İlkaya, F., Karabekiroğlu, K., Say, G. N., Müjdeci, M., Bayril, F., Ağrı, A. E., Güzel, H., & Aydin, F. (2014) · Klinik Psikofarmakoloji Bülteni-Bulletin of Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5455/bcp.20140211010550 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
An Ammonia Hypothesis of Alzheimer Disease
Seiler, N. (1997) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-5945-0_16 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
İlkaya, F., Yüce, M., Ağrı, A., Güzel, H., Balcı, H., Uçar, F., Babadağı, Z., Müjdeci, M., & Mutlu, E. (2014) · Human & Experimental Toxicology · doi:10.1177/0960327114559613 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Omega‐3 fatty acid supplementation in schizophrenic patients
Mellor, J. E., Laugharne, J. D. E., & Peet, M. (1996) · Human Psychopharmacology Clinical and Experimental · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1077(199601)11:1 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Proof‐of‐Principle/Proof‐of‐Concept Trials in Drug Development
Al‐Shurbaji, A. (2010) · Pharmaceutical Sciences Encyclopedia · doi:10.1002/9780470571224.pse251
Anticholinergic medications and cognition in older adults
Chew, M. L. (2007) · D-Scholarship@Pitt (University of Pittsburgh)
Hellweg, R. (2000) · Monographien aus dem Gesamtgebiete der Psychiatrie · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-96006-2_17
Electrochemical and Optical Biosensors for Acetylcholine Monitoring in Neurodegeneration
Hervás-Pérez, J. P., Muñoz-Oporto, L., Moreno‐Guzmán, M., & Sánchez-Paniagua, M. (2026) · Micromachines · doi:10.3390/mi17101122
- Authors
- CHRISTENSEN, H., MALTBY, N., JORM, A. F., CREASEY, H., & BROE, G. A.
- Affiliations
- Australian National University (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- Corresponding author
- CHRISTENSEN, H.
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1992
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 1681-1699
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- OpenAlex
- W2005266346
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.51
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, cholinergic blockade, scopolamine, cognitive impairment, memory impairment, secondary memory, semantic memory, procedural memory, primary memory, verbal intelligence, mild dementia, anterograde amnesia, Mini-Mental State Examination
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Alzheimer Disease, Cholinesterase Inhibitors, Female, Humans, Male, Memory Disorders, Synaptic Transmission, Neuropsychological Tests, Scopolamine, Wechsler Scales
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
