The connective tissues of peripheral nerves
Abstract
Journal Article THE CONNECTIVE TISSUES OF PERIPHERAL NERVES Get access SYDNEY SUNDERLAND SYDNEY SUNDERLAND Department of Experimental Neurology, University of MelbourneAustralia Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Brain, Volume 88, Issue 4, November 1965, Pages 841–854, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/88.4.841 Published: 01 November 1965
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The epineurium primarily consists of longitudinal collagen fibers interspersed with a few elastin fibers and surrounds the nerve to fill the spaces between fascicles.
“The epineurium primarily consists of longitudinal collagen fibers interspersed with a few elastin fibers [11, 12] and surrounds the nerve to fill the spaces between fascicles.”
From Directed stimulation with interfascicular interfaces for peripheral nerve stimulation (2021) · cites this paper as [12]
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The anatomy and physiology of nerve injury
Sunderland, S. S. (1990) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.880130903 · Cited by 551 · see citing works
Self-citationTopp, K. S., & Boyd, B. S. (2006) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/86.1.92 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
The nerve lesion in the carpal tunnel syndrome.
Sunderland, S. (1976) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.39.7.615 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
“PERINEURIUM Because of its tensile strength, the elastic perineurium resists and maintains an intrafunicular pressure (Sunderland, 1946, 1965; Sunderland and Bradley, 1952).”
BackgroundSelf-citationMechanical properties of acellular peripheral nerve
Borschel, G. H., Kia, K. F., Kuzon, W. M., & Dennis, R. G. (2003) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/s0022-4804(03)00255-5 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
“This finding may be caused by the fact that as the number of fascicles in a nerve increases, the tensile strength increases more than would be expected [19, 20].”
BackgroundTopographical differences in the vascular permeability of the peripheral nervous system
Olsson, Y. (1968) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00690507 · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Local regulation of fat metabolism in peripheral nervesPreprint
Verheijen, M. H. G., Chrast, R., Burrola, P., & Lemke, G. (2003) · Genes & Development · doi:10.1101/gad.1116203 · Cited by 188 · see citing works
The gliding apparatus of peripheral nerve and its clinical significance
Millesi, H., Zöch, G., & Rath, T. (1990) · Annales de Chirurgie de la Main et du Membre Supérieur · doi:10.1016/s0753-9053(05)80485-5 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
The importance of axonal undulation in diffusion MR measurements: a Monte Carlo simulation study
Nilsson, M., Lätt, J., Ståhlberg, F., Westen, D., & Hagslätt, H. (2012) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.1795 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“Diffusion encoding was simulated in 48 directions, using two different b values, i.e. 0 and 1000 s/mm2, and timing parameters d/td = 20/30ms/ms. Investigation IV Undulation on a macroscopic scale was addressed by calculating the signal curves according to Equation [7], with the propagator given by P= vi Pi + (1– vi)Pe.”
MethodInfluentialNilsson, M., van Westen, D., Ståhlberg, F., Sundgren, P. C., & Lätt, J. (2013) · Magnetic Resonance Materials in Physics Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10334-013-0371-x · Cited by 151 · see citing works
“Finally, some axons display a wave-like undulating course, which allow nerves to stretch during motion, such as eye movement and locomotion, without being damaged [46].”
A review for the peripheral nerve interface designer
Larson, C. E., & Meng, E. (2020) · Journal of Neuroscience Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2019.108523 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“loose matrix of collagen, fat, elastin fibers and blood vessels, which, besides holding the bundle together, also serves to cushion the fascicles from compressive forces (Sunderland, 1965).”
Background3D Printed Neural Regeneration Devices
Joung, D., Lavoie, N. S., Guo, S.-Z., Park, S. H., Parr, A., & McAlpine, M. C. (2019) · Advanced Functional Materials · doi:10.1002/adfm.201906237 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Cell Responses to Biomimetic Protein Scaffolds Used in Tissue Repair and Engineering
Brown, R. A., & Phillips, J. B. (2007) · International review of cytology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7696(07)62002-6 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Progress in peripheral nerve reconstruction
Millesi, H. (1990) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/bf01670520 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Electrophysiological localization of ulnar nerve lesions.
Payan, J. (1969) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.32.3.208 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Feindel and Stratford (1958) have suggested that the nerve branches to flexor carpi ulnaris, being smaller and lying more freely in the cubital tunnel, are less subject to compression than the large bulk of the main nerve, the vulnerability of which is frequently enhanced at this point by its being composed of on_ maj…”
BackgroundNerve injuries associated with total hip arthroplasty
Hasija, R., Kelly, J. J. P., Shah, N. V., et al. (2017) · Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma · doi:10.1016/j.jcot.2017.10.011 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Mechanisms for differential block among single myelinated and non‐myelinated axons by procaine
Franz, D. N., & Perry, R. S. (1974) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1974.sp010430 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The cellular response to nerve injury. II. Regeneration of the perineurium after nerve section.
Thomas, P. K., & Jones, D. G. (1967) · PubMed · Cited by 115 · see citing works
The perineurium as a diffusion barrier to protein tracers following trauma to nerves
Olsson, Y., & Kristensson, K. (1973) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/bf00685764 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Zakharov, A., Papaiconomou, C., Djenic, J., Midha, R., & Johnston, M. (2003) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1046/j.0305-1846.2003.00508.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Microscopic Anatomy of the Peripheral Nervous System
Berthold, C. ‐., Fraher, J., King, R. H. M., & Rydmark, M. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-7216-9491-7.50006-5 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Structural Injury to the Human Sciatic Nerve After Intraneural Needle Insertion
Sala‐Blanch, X., Ribalta, T., Rivas, E., et al. (2009) · Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1097/aap.0b013e31819a2795 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Prevention of painful neuromas by epineural ligatures, flaps and grafts
̈ksel, F. Y., ̧laogˇlu, E. K., Durak, N., et al. (1997) · British Journal of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1016/s0007-1226(97)91367-9 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Das Perineurium als Diffusionsbarriere gegen�ber Peroxydase bei epi- und endoneuraler Applikation
Flemm, H. (1970) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00336529 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Disentangling glial diversity in peripheral nerves at single-nuclei resolution
Yim, A. K., Wang, P. L., Bermingham, J. R., Hackett, A. R., Strickland, A. M., Miller, T. M., Ly, C. V., Mitra, R. D., & Milbrandt, J. (2022) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-021-01005-1 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Influence of Mechanical Stimuli on Schwann Cell Biology
Belin, S., Zuloaga, K. L., & Poitelon, Y. (2017) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2017.00347 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“In peripheral nerves, the proportion of elastic fibers in peripheral nerves is relatively small in comparison to collagen (Sunderland, 1965).”
BackgroundPeroneal nerve: Normal anatomy and pathologic findings on routine MRI of the knee
van den Bergh, F., Vanhoenacker, F. M. H. M., Smet, E. D., et al. (2013) · Insights into Imaging · doi:10.1007/s13244-013-0255-7 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“The first is the relative paucity of epineural supporting tissue, rendering the nerve more susceptible to compression [2–5].”
BackgroundBlood Supply of Nerve Roots and Dorsal Root Ganglia
Yoshizawa, H., Kobayashi, S., & Hachiya, Y. (1991) · Orthopedic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0030-5898(20)31646-1 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Bove, G. M., & Light, A. R. (1997) · Pain Forum · doi:10.1016/s1082-3174(97)70011-4 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“During this process but before rupture, the cross-sectional area of the fascicles is reduced [74], thereby increasing the pressure on the contents [79].”
BackgroundUpper Limb Neural Tension Testing and Mobilization
Walsh, M. T. (2005) · Journal of Hand Therapy · doi:10.1197/j.jht.2005.02.010 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Structure and composition of the outer connective tissue sheaths of peripheral nerve.
Stolinski, C. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Levinthal, R., Brown, W. J., & Rand, R. W. (1977) · Journal of neurosurgery · doi:10.3171/jns.1977.47.5.0744 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Some metabolic responses of axotomized neurones to contact between their axons and denervated muscle
Watson, W. E. (1970) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1970.sp009213 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Rosso, G., & Guck, J. R. (2019) · APL Bioengineering · doi:10.1063/1.5108867 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Nerve repair and regeneration: Biological tubulization limits and future perspectives
Riccio, M., Marchesini, A., Pugliese, P., & Francesco, F. D. (2018) · Journal of Cellular Physiology · doi:10.1002/jcp.27299 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“2019;234:3362–3375.wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/jcp3362 | © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. minimal to 70% of the crossectional component of the nerve (Sunderland, 1965, 1990).”
BackgroundChallenges in creating dissectible anatomical 3D prints for surgical teaching
Ratinam, R., Quayle, M. R., Crock, J. G., Lazarus, M. D., Fogg, Q. A., & McMenamin, P. G. (2019) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/joa.12934 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“Although the biomechanical properties of some tissues have been reported (Sunderland & Bradley, 1961a; Sunderland, 1965; Diamant et al. 1972; Mozersky et al. 1972; Mow et al. 1984; Mosler et al. 1985; McBride et al. 1988; Rydevik et al. 1990; Millesi et al. 1995; Driscoll et al. 2002; Korhonen et…”
BackgroundCheng, H., Guan, S., & Han, X. (2006) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03794.x · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“…of adipose tissue has been demonstrated in the nerve bundles, particularly in connective tissues between the perineurium and epineurium layers (Sunderland 1945, 1965; Linington et al. 1980b; Dalziel 1989; Reina et al. 2002), although quantitative data regarding fat alterations in the PNS…”
BackgroundInfluentialSauter, A. R., Dodgson, M. S., Kalvøy, H., et al. (2009) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e3181957d84 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Sala‐Blanch, X., de Riva, N., Carrera, A., et al. (2012) · Anesthesia & Analgesia · doi:10.1213/ane.0b013e318248e1b3 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Magic Angle Effect: A Relevant Artifact in MR Neurography at 3T?
Kästel, T., Heiland, S., Bäumer, P., et al. (2011) · American Journal of Neuroradiology · doi:10.3174/ajnr.a2402 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“In contrast, the connective tissue of peripheral nerves is predominantly set up by epineurial collagen type I (and to a lesser extent by endoneurial type III) covering a comparatively small cross-sectional area in the sciatic nerve of approximately 70%– 80% and, to an even lesser degree, in other regions, as low as 22…”
BackgroundInterfascicular Nerve Grafting
Millesi, H. (1981) · Orthopedic Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0030-5898(20)31392-4 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Nachemson, A. K., Lundborg, G., Myrhage, R., et al. (1985) · Scandinavian Journal of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.3109/02844318509074512 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Variations in the architecture and development of the vertebrate optic chiasm
Jeffery, G., & Erskine, L. (2005) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2005.04.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Anatomy and Physiology of the Peripheral Nerve
Battista, A. F., & Lusskin, R. (1986) · Foot & Ankle · doi:10.1177/107110078600700202 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Alloxan induced neuropathies: Lipid changes in nerve and root fragments
Eliasson, S. G., & Samet, J. M. (1969) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/0024-3205(69)90442-1 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Samii, M., & Wallenborn, R. (1972) · Acta Neurochirurgica · doi:10.1007/bf01402175 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
“…grol3e I)ehnungsreserve besitzt der entspannte Nerv in der Mdglichkeit der Begradigung seines anatomischen Verlaufes (Sunderland 1965), der als Naucksche Querstreifnng erkennbaren Faszikelundulationen (Schneider 1952, Sunderland 1965) und der gewellten Nervenfasern (Sunderland und Bradley 1961).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe connective tissue elements of the mammalian nodose ganglion
Lieberman, A. R. (1968) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/bf00332655 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
[Morphology of peripheral nerves, their sheaths, and their vascularization].
Reina, M. Á., López, A., Villanueva, M. C., et al. (2000) · PubMed · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Ray, B., D’Souza, A. S., Kumar, B., et al. (2010) · Clinical Anatomy · doi:10.1002/ca.21043 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Although minimal intervening perineurium and epineurium facilitate better axonal regeneration, abundance of the same may lead to a delay in revascularization of graft tissue (Sunderland, 1965, 1991).”
BackgroundAnother (Internal) Epineurium: Beyond the Anatomical Barriers of Nerves
Reina, M. Á., Boezaart, A. P., Tubbs, R. S., et al. (2019) · Clinical Anatomy · doi:10.1002/ca.23442 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“The endoneurium and epineurium are formed of collagen fibers through which local anesthetic agents can diffuse according to Fick’s Principle of Diffusion (Reina et al., 2013;Reina et al., 2015b, 2015c;Reina and Sala-Blanch, 2015c; Reina et al., 2017).”
BackgroundThe Straight-Leg-Raising Test: A Review
Urban, L. M. (1981) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.1981.2.3.117 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
A Practical Review of Perineural Versus Intraneural Injections
Sala‐Blanch, X., Vandepitte, C., Laur, J. J., et al. (2011) · International Anesthesiology Clinics · doi:10.1097/aia.0b013e31821bbb47 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“In general, fascicles comprise between 20% and 70% of the cross-sectional surface of a peripheral nerve.(11) Different fascicular patterns also exist at various cross-sectional levels, even within one single nerve.”
BackgroundUndulating course of nerve fibres and bands of Fontana in peripheral nerves of the rat
Haninec, P. (1986) · Anatomy and Embryology · doi:10.1007/bf00698791 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“Sunderland and Bradley (1961) and Sunderland (1965, 1972) thought elasticity of the per ineurium was of decisive importance for the undulat ion of nerve fibres.”
BackgroundThe pathogenesis of equine laryngeal hemiplegia — a review
Cahill, J. I., & Goulden, B. E. (1987) · New Zealand Veterinary Journal · doi:10.1080/00480169.1987.35394 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
An experimental model of peripheral nerve adhesion in rabbits
Abe, Y., Doi, K., & Kawai, S. (2004) · British Journal of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.bjps.2004.05.012 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Sauter, A. R., Dodgson, M. S., Stubhaug, A., et al. (2007) · Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2007.01349.x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“In the course of a peripheral nerve, the relative area of connective tissue may range from 30% to 75%, with particularly high proportions in the proximity of joints (28).”
BackgroundInvestigating mechanical behaviour at a core–sheath interface in peripheral nerve
Tillett, R. L., Afoke, A., Hall, S. M., Brown, R. A., & Phillips, J. B. (2004) · Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System · doi:10.1111/j.1085-9489.2004.09411.x · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Structured wound angiogenesis instructs mesenchymal barrier compartments in the regenerating nerve
Bhat, G. P., Maurizio, A., Motta, A., Podini, P., Diprima, S., Malpighi, C., Brambilla, I., Martins, L. F., Badaloni, A., Boselli, D., et al. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.10.025 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Riccardi, V. M. (2007) · Neurosurgical FOCUS · doi:10.3171/foc.2007.22.6.4 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Gross Anatomy of the Brachial Plexus Sheath in Human Cadavers
Franco, C. D., Rahman, A., Voronov, G., et al. (2007) · Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.rapm.2007.09.003 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Gross Anatomy of the Brachial Plexus Sheath in Human Cadavers
Franco, C. D., Rahman, A., Voronov, G., et al. (2008) · Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine · doi:10.1097/00115550-200801000-00011 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
The pathogenesis of non-freezing cold nerve injury. Observations in the rat
Jia, J. (1997) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/120.4.631 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Jeffery, G., Evans, A. W., Albon, J., et al. (1995) · Anatomy and Embryology · doi:10.1007/bf00186739 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Preparation of cell‐free extracellular matrix from human peripheral nerve
Johnson, P. C., Duhamel, R. C., Meezan, E., et al. (1982) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.880050410 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Mason, S. J., & Phillips, J. B. (2011) · Journal of the Peripheral Nervous System · doi:10.1111/j.1529-8027.2011.00352.x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“…nerves may be provided by the fluid pressure in the endoneurium being balanced by constraining forces from the perineurium and epineurium (Low et al., 1977; Walbeehm et al., 2004), the nerve vasculature (Myers et al., 1986), or the number and arrangement of fascicles (Sunderland and Bradley, 1961).”
BackgroundMicroscopic Morphology and Ultrastructure of Human Peripheral Nerves
Reina, M. Á., Sala‐Blanch, X., Arriazu, R., et al. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410390-0.00007-x · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Microscopic anatomy: normal structure.
King, R. (2013) · Handbook of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-52902-2.00002-3 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Sinclair, E. B., Andarawis‐Puri, N., Ros, S. J., Laudier, D. M., Jepsen, K. J., & Hausman, M. R. (2012) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.23443 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Mechanically elicited nerve root discharge: mechanical irritation and waveform
Obi, T., Mochizuki, M., Isobe, K., et al. (2009) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.1999.tb00736.x · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Neurofibrom und Perineuralzelle
Weiser, G. (1978) · Archiv für Pathologische Anatomie und Physiologie und für Klinische Medicin · doi:10.1007/bf00432782 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“Gamble and Breathnach (1965), Sunderland (1965), Thomas und Jones (1967), Lassmann und Ammerer (1974), Jurecka et al. (1975), Lassmann et al. (1977), halten sie ftir mesenchymal, Shanthaveerappa oder Shantha und Burne (1962-1968), Shanthaveerappa, Hope und Burne (1963) ffir epithelial, Harkin und…”
BackgroundUpper Extremity Axon Counts and Clinical Implications for Motor Nerve Transfer
Cheah, A. E.-J., Lee, E. Y., & Lim, A. Y. T. (2019) · Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery · doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000006200 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Regenerative capacity of neural tissue scales with changes in tissue mechanics post injury
Carnicer‐Lombarte, A., Barone, D. G., Wronowski, F., Malliaras, G. G., Fawcett, J. W., & Franze, K. (2023) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2023.122393 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Kalvøy, H., & Sauter, A. R. (2015) · Journal of Clinical Monitoring and Computing · doi:10.1007/s10877-015-9698-3 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
A more detailed mechanism to explain the “bands of Fontana” in peripheral nerves
Merolli, A., Mingarelli, L., & Rocchi, L. (2012) · Muscle & Nerve · doi:10.1002/mus.23422 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Andrade, R. J., Freitas, S. R., Hug, F., et al. (2022) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111075 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Quantitative analysis of the anatomy of the epineurium of the canine recurrent laryngeal nerve
Barkmeier, J., & Luschei, E. S. (2000) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19610085.x · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Sunderland reported a proportional relation between the amount of epineurium and the resistance of nerve fascicles to damage from compression (Sunderland & Bradley, 1961a–c ; Sunderland, 1965, 1970, 1978, 1990).”
BackgroundInfluentialNitz, A. J., Dobner, J. J., & Matulionis, D. H. (1989) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1092250110 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
A study of hematic barriers in peripheral nerves of albino rabbits
Aker, F. (1972) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.1091740104 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“From the paper by Sunderland ( ’65) , which reported the absence of lymphatics in peripheral nerves, Mellick and Cavanagh (’68) have suggested that peripheral nerves lack a mechanism of tissue fluid drainage from endoneurial tissue spaces by lymphatics.”
BackgroundThe role of mechanobiology on the Schwann cell response: A tissue engineering perspective
Manganas, P., Kavatzikidou, P., Kordas, A., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2022.948454 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In peripheral nerves, there are more collagen fibres in comparison to elastin fibres (Sunderland, 1965), which contribute to the elastic properties of peripheral nerves.”
BackgroundSiemionow, M., Bobkiewicz, A., Cwykiel, J. M., et al. (2017) · Annals of Plastic Surgery · doi:10.1097/sap.0000000000001117 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“It has been reported that epineurium creates a barrier inhibiting the lateral outgrowth of regenerating axons.(22) Moreover, it presents a high expression of neurogenic extracellular matrix molecules such as laminin B, which provides nerve guidance and facilitates nerve healing.”
BackgroundNeto, T., Johannsson, J., & Andrade, R. J. (2024) · ULTRASONOGRAPHY · doi:10.14366/usg.23211 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“These observations could be due to regional variations in sciatic and tibial nerves’ ultrastructure, such as thinner and more numerous nerve fascicles wrapped by a thicker perineurium near joints [49], and an increased stiff epineural tissue content in joint regions [50].”
BackgroundNielsen, V. K., Osgaard, O., & Trojaborg, W. (1980) · Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.43.3.272 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Schroen, C. A., Duey, A. H., Nasser, P. R., Laudier, D. M., Cagle, P. J., & Hausman, M. R. (2025) · Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research · doi:10.1097/corr.0000000000003405 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
“Although the epineurium appeared red, the core appeared white and homogeneous, indicating a disruption of perfusion [2, 13, 32, 52].”
Koppaka, S., Hess‐Dunning, A., & Tyler, D. J. (2022) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111058 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Nerve trunk healing and neuroma formation after nerve transection injury
Huang, D., Yang, M., Jiang, Z., Chen, M., Chang, K., Zhan, Y.-X., & Gong, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1184246 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Connective tissue components of the peripheral nerve trunk are arranged into the endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium (Figure 1) (11, 12).”
BackgroundSorbie, C., & Porter, T. L. (1969) · PubMed · Cited by 20 · see citing works
A unified approach to model peripheral nerves across different animal species
Giannessi, E., Stornelli, M. R., & Sergi, P. N. (2017) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.4005 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“, traction force), anatomical studies (Sunderland, 1945; Sunderland, 1965) were integrated with biomechanical investigations (Millesi, 1986; Millesi, Zoch & Reihsner, 1995).”
BackgroundJang, N., Ihn, Y. S., Choi, N., et al. (2020) · IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics · doi:10.1109/tmech.2020.2993935 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Anatomy and Microanatomy of Peripheral Nerve
Myers, R. R. (1991) · Neurosurgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s1042-3680(18)30753-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Benecke, R., & Conrad, B. (1980) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/bf00313185 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Number and size of epineurial blood vessels in normal and diseased human sural nerves
Schütz, G., & Schröder, J. M. (1997) · Cell and Tissue Research · doi:10.1007/s004410050904 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“The gross architecture of epineurial blood vessels ( Sunderland 1965; Lundborg et al. 1968; Low et al. 1989) and their transperineurial communication with the endoneurial vasculature (Beggs et al.1991) is known from injection studies and ultrastructural investigations.”
BackgroundPreoperative Cryoneurolysis for Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Case Series
Roth, Z. A., Sutton, K., Wenende, J., et al. (2022) · Journal of PeriAnesthesia Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jopan.2022.03.006 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Wu, S., Cao, X., He, R., & Xiong, K. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · doi:10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.05.011 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Age‐Related Differences in the Quantitative Echo Texture of the Median Nerve
Li, X., Li, J. W., Ho, A. M. ‐., & Karmakar, M. K. (2015) · Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine · doi:10.7863/ultra.34.5.797 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Jaeger, S. H., Singer, D. I., & Whitenack, S. H. (1986) · Hand Clinics · doi:10.1016/s0749-0712(21)01428-1 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Terminal neuromas treated with triamcinolone acetonide
Pataky, P. E., Graham, W. P., & Munger, B. L. (1973) · Journal of Surgical Research · doi:10.1016/0022-4804(73)90008-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Williams, M. J., Utzinger, U., Barkmeier‐Kraemer, J. M., & Geest, J. P. V. (2014) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4027682 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Biomechanical Testing of a Novel Device for Sutureless Nerve Repair
Bendale, G. S., Sonntag, M., Clements, I. P., & Isaacs, J. E. (2022) · Tissue Engineering Part C Methods · doi:10.1089/ten.tec.2022.0080 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“30 High-resolution sonography of normal ulnar nerves revealed an average epineurial thickness of 0.49 mm. 31 Mi-crohook lengths have been adjusted based on nerve size.”
InfluentialSurgical management of peroneal nerve injuries
Strother, C. R. C., Dittman, L. E., Spinner, R. J., et al. (2023) · Acta Neurochirurgica · doi:10.1007/s00701-023-05727-y · Cited by 15 · see citing works
What Protects Certain Nerves from Stretch Injury?
Schraut, N. B., Walton, S. L., Monsef, J. B., et al. (2015) · The Anatomical Record · doi:10.1002/ar.23286 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“In contrast, Sunderland (1965) claimed that the tensile strength and elasticity of a nerve trunk depends more on the perineurium.”
BackgroundA Quantitative Investigation on the Peripheral Nerve Response within the Small Strain Range
Giannessi, E., Stornelli, M. R., Coli, A., et al. (2019) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app9061115 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“More specifically, it is well known that sheaths of connective tissues are mainly located in the outer part of the section, while nervous bundles are mainly grouped in the inner part [7].”
Background
- Authors
- SUNDERLAND, S.
- Affiliations
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- Corresponding author
- SUNDERLAND, SYDNEY
- Venue
- Brain
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1965
- Volume
- 88
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 841-854
- ISSN
- 0006-8950 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2156
- OpenAlex
- W1985960346
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 1.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Brain (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anatomy › Medical and Biological Sciences
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Peripheral Neuropathies and Disorders
- Keywords
- peripheral nerves, connective tissue, nerve sheath, perineurium, endoneurium, myelin sheath
- MeSH terms
- Classification, Connective Tissue, Humans, Lymphatic System, Myelin Sheath, Nerve Regeneration, Neurilemma, Peripheral Nervous System Diseases, Peripheral Nerves, Schwann Cells, Suture Techniques, Vasa Nervorum
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
