Mechanisms for nitrite loss from the stomach
Abstract
Nitrite loss from the stomach was studied using dogs equipped with Thomas cannulas for direct access to the stomach lumen. Solutions containing sodium nitrite and non-absorbable volume marker (polyethylene glycol, PEG) were infused into the stomach, and samples were taken over 60 min to determine the concentration of 'total nitrite' (including NO2-, HNO2 and other species in equilibrium with NO2-) and rate of dilution of the stomach contents as a function of time. Changes in stomach volume were also measured. Nitrite loss was found to be very rapid, with total nitrite concentrations declining to less than half the initial levels in 10 min. The decay in total nitrite concentrations was due predominantly to gastric absorption, with small additional contributions from dilution of the stomach contents (inferred from PEG concentrations) and chemical reactions (from in vitro kinetic data). Results for initial nitrite concentrations varying over a range of 0.15-4.5 mM showed absorption to be first order in total nitrite. The permeability-area product for nitrite absorption (PA) was about 0.6 l/h, and was unaffected by the addition of 1 mM SCN- or Cl-. All of these results are consistent with nitrite absorption in the form of NO2- or HNO2. Buffering the infusate with HCO3- to increase luminal pH from approximately 2 to 7 caused a three-fold reduction in the apparent value of PA. When pentagastrin was used to stimulate acid secretion, nitrite absorption was only half as fast as when a…
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In the enterosalivary nitrate circulation, dietary nitrate is swallowed and rapidly absorbed in the proximal gastrointestinal tract.
“In a process referred to as the enterosalivary nitrate circulation, or the nitrate-nitrite-NO pathway, dietary nitrate is swallowed and rapidly absorbed in the proximal gastrointestinal tract (Figure 1)[79–81].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [80]
Nitrite is swallowed and can undergo downstream reactions, including formation of NO and NO-donating species following protonation to HNO2 and secondary nitrosating and nitrating species in the low pH of the stomach, or further reduction by enteric bacterial nitrite reductases.
“Nitrite is then swallowed where it can undergo a diversity of downstream reactions, including formation of NO and NO-donating species following a) protonation to HNO2 and an array of secondary nitrosating and nitrating species in reactions facilitated by the low pH of the stomach[80,83,89–91], or b) further reduction by enteric bacterial nitrite reductases (NiRs)[74].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [80]
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“The disappearance of nitrite from the stomach is a rapid process, with decline of nitrite levels by half within 10 minutes, as a consequence of absorption rather than chemical reactions of nitrite or gastric emptying (Licht et al., 1986).”
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“It had been believed that ingested nitrite is absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract (51) or reacts in the stomach with secondary or tertiary amines and amides present in foods such as cheese or meat to form N-nitroso compounds (7).”
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- Authors
- Licht, W. R., Schultz, D. S., Fox, J. G., Tannenbaum, S. R., & Deen, W. M.
- Affiliations
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
- Venue
- Carcinogenesis
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 1986
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1681-1687
- ISSN
- 0143-3334 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2180
- OpenAlex
- W1963618712
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2022: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Carcinogenesis (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (P01-CA 26731, P01CA026731)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Drug Solubulity and Delivery Systems
- Keywords
- gastric acid secretion, pentagastrin, cimetidine, luminal pH
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Chlorides, Dogs, Female, Gastric Acid, Gastric Acidity Determination, Gastric Mucosa, Gastrointestinal Contents, Half-Life, Intestinal Absorption, Nitrites, Permeability, Polyethylene Glycols, Thiocyanates
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