A “green” diet-based approach to cardiovascular health? Is inorganic nitrate the answer?
Abstract
Ingestion of fruit and vegetables rich in inorganic nitrate (NO 3 − ) has emerged as an effective method for acutely elevating vascular nitric oxide (NO) levels through formation of an NO 2 − intermediate. As such a number of beneficial effects of NO 3 − and NO 2 − ingestion have been demonstrated including reductions in blood pressure, measures of arterial stiffness and platelet activity. The pathway for NO generation from such dietary interventions involves the activity of facultative oral microflora that facilitate the reduction of inorganic NO 3 − , ingested in the diet, to inorganic NO 2 − . This NO 2 − then eventually enters the circulation where, through the activity of one or more of a range of distinct NO 2 − reductases, it is chemically reduced to NO. This pathway provides an alternative route for in vivo NO generation that could be utilized for therapeutic benefit in those cardiovascular disease states where reduced bioavailable NO is thought to contribute to pathogenesis. Indeed, the cardiovascular benefits of NO 2 − and NO 3 − are now starting to be translated in patients in several clinical trials. In this review, we discuss recent evidence supporting the potential utility of delivery of NO 3 − or NO 2 − for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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More recent evidence in both infants and adults suggests that exceptionally high concentrations of nitrite (well beyond the <75mg nitrite necessary to achieve blood pressure effects) would be necessary to pose a significant threat to safety.
“although more recent evidence in both infants and adults suggests that exceptionally high concentrations of nitrite (and well beyond the <75mg nitrite necessary to achieve blood pressure effects) would be necessary to pose a significant threat to safety[25,51,72,113,155–158].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [157]
Nitrites in combination with dietary amines or amides, such as in red and cured meats, have been linked to stomach and several other cancers.
“Indeed, nitrites in combination with dietary amines or amides, such as in red and cured meats, have been linked to stomach and several other cancers[155,157,160,163–166].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [157]
Estimates of average daily nitrate consumption in the U.S. and Europe reach only 40-100 mg and 30-180 mg, respectively.
“Unsurprisingly, estimates of average daily nitrate consumption in the U.S. and Europe, regions with high rates of CVD and vascular disease, reach only 40–100mg and 30–180mg, respectively[157,161,372].”
From Enterosalivary nitrate metabolism and the microbiome: Intersection of microbial metabolism, nitric oxide and diet in cardiac and pulmonary vascular health (2017) · cites this paper as [157]
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- Authors
- Rathod, K. S., Velmurugan, S., & Ahluwalia, A.
- Affiliations
- Queen Mary University of London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Ahluwalia, Amrita
- Venue
- Molecular Nutrition & Food Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2015-09-13
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 185-202
- ISSN
- 1613-4125 (ISSN-L)
- 1613-4133
- OpenAlex
- W1845514131
- Semantic Scholar
- 1fe3908bb265f2a9b9b7ec1867962e40478220e4
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 176
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 0.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Molecular Nutrition & Food Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Health Research
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nitric Oxide and Endothelin Effects
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- inorganic nitrate, nitrite, nitric oxide bioavailability, dietary nitrate, fruit and vegetable intake, oral microbiota, nitrate reduction, nitrite reductase, cardiovascular disease, blood pressure, arterial stiffness, platelet function
- MeSH terms
- Blood Pressure, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cardiovascular System, Fruit, Humans, Nitrates, Nitric Oxide, Nitrites, Vegetables, Diet, Vegetarian, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Vascular Stiffness
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