Effect of processed and red meat on endogenous nitrosation and DNA damage
Open accessAbstract
Haem in red meat (RM) stimulates the endogenous production of mutagenic nitroso compounds (NOC). Processed (nitrite-preserved red) meat additionally contains high concentrations of preformed NOC. In two studies, of a fresh RM versus a vegetarian (VEG) diet (six males and six females) and of a nitrite-preserved red meat (PM) versus a VEG diet (5 males and 11 females), we investigated whether processing of meat might increase colorectal cancer risk by stimulating nitrosation and DNA damage. Meat diets contained 420 g (males) or 366 g (females) meat/per day. Faecal homogenates from day 10 onwards were analysed for haem and NOC and associated supernatants for genotoxicity. Means are adjusted for differences in male to female ratios between studies. Faecal NOC concentrations on VEG diets were low (2.6 and 3.5 mmol/g) but significantly higher on meat diets (PM 175 +/- 19 nmol/g versus RM 185 +/- 22 nmol/g; P = 0.75). The RM diet resulted in a larger proportion of nitrosyl iron (RM 78% versus PM 54%; P < 0.0001) and less nitrosothiols (RM 12% versus PM 19%; P < 0.01) and other NOC (RM 10% versus PM 27%; P < 0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference in DNA breaks induced by faecal water (FW) following PM and RM diets (P = 0.80). However, PM resulted in higher levels of oxidized pyrimidines (P < 0.05). Surprisingly, VEG diets resulted in significantly more FW-induced DNA strand breaks than the meat diets (P < 0.05), which needs to be clarified in further studies. Meats cured with nitrite have the same effect as fresh RM on endogenous nitrosation but show increased FW-induced oxidative DNA damage.
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High red meat intake increases endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds in the GI tract, which are associated with increased epithelial proliferation, oxidative stress, and iron-induced hypoxia signaling.
“A high red meat intake (rich in heme iron), increases endogenous formation of N-nitroso compounds in the gastrointestinal tract that are associated with increased epithelial proliferation, oxidative stress, and iron-induced hypoxia signaling (166–168).”
From Food Consumption and its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease: Importance of Solutions Focused on the Globalized Food System (2015) · cites this paper as [168]
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- Authors
- Joosen, A. M. C. P., Kuhnle, G. G. C., Aspinall, S. M., Barrow, T. M., Lecommandeur, E., Azqueta, A., Collins, A. R., & Bingham, S. A.
- Affiliations
- MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit (GB)
- University of Oslo (NO)
- Corresponding author
- Joosen, A. M.C.P.
- Venue
- Carcinogenesis
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2009-06-04
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1402-1407
- ISSN
- 0143-3334 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2180
- PMC
- PMC2718076
- OpenAlex
- W2119694706
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 14.10
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- other-oa
- Locations
- Carcinogenesis (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Sunderland Repository (University of Sunderland) (acceptedVersion)
- CentAUR (University of Reading) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Meat and Animal Product Quality
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cancer Research › Carcinogens and Genotoxicity Assessment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Nutritional Studies and Diet
- Keywords
- processed meat, red meat, nitrosation, nitroso compounds, DNA damage, heme, nitrite, colorectal cancer risk, S-nitrosothiols, vegetarian diet
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, DNA Damage, Feces, Female, Heme, Humans, Male, Meat, Middle Aged, Mutagens, Nitroso Compounds, Diet, Vegetarian, Nitrosation, Cross-Over Studies, Comet Assay, Young Adult
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