A single dose of benzathine penicillin G is as effective as multiple doses of benzathine penicillin G for the treatment of HIV-infected persons with early syphilis.
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Treatment guidelines recommend the use of a single dose of benzathine penicillin G (BPG) for treating early syphilis in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. However, data supporting this recommendation are limited. We examined the efficacy of single-dose BPG in the US Military HIV Natural History Study. METHODS: Subjects were included if they met serologic criteria for syphilis (ie, a positive nontreponemal test [NTr] confirmed by treponemal testing). Response to treatment was assessed at 13 months and was defined by a ≥4-fold decline in NTr titer. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression models were utilized to examine factors associated with treatment response. RESULTS: Three hundred fifty subjects (99% male) contributed 478 cases. Three hundred ninety-three cases were treated exclusively with BPG (141 with 1 dose of BPG). Treatment response was the same among those receiving 1 or >1 dose of BPG (92%). In a multivariate analysis, older age (hazard ratio [HR], 0.82 per 10-year increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], .73-.93) was associated with delayed response to treatment. Higher pretreatment titers (reference NTr titer <1:64; HR, 1.94 [95% CI, 1.58-2.39]) and CD4 counts (HR, 1.07 for every 100-cell increase [95% CI, 1.01-1.12]) were associated with a faster response to treatment. Response was not affected by the number of BPG doses received (reference, 1 dose of BPG; HR, 1.11 [95% CI, .89-1.4]). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort, additional BPG doses did not affect treatment response. Our data support the current recommendations for the use of a single dose of BPG to treat HIV-infected persons with early syphilis.
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Available data demonstrate that use of additional doses of benzathine penicillin G, amoxicillin, or other antibiotics do not enhance efficacy of the recommended regimen when used to treat primary and secondary syphilis, regardless of HIV status.
“Available data demonstrate that use of additional doses of benzathine penicillin G, amoxicillin, or other antibiotics do not enhance efficacy of this recommended regimen when used to treat primary and secondary syphilis, regardless of HIV status (591–593).”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [593]
The Factors Associated With Treatment Response section reports similar responses with one versus multiple BPG doses in HIV-infected people with early syphilis. The study does not establish that adding amoxicillin or other antibiotics to the recommended regimen offers no benefit: its “other” regimens were grouped together and could be alternatives rather than additions. Nor do its findings establish the result regardless of HIV status; the Discussion also notes limited power for people with advanced immunosuppression. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdditional doses of benzathine penicillin G, amoxicillin, or other antibiotics in primary and secondary syphilis among persons with HIV infection do not result in enhanced efficacy.
“Available data demonstrate that additional doses of benzathine penicillin G, amoxicillin, or other antibiotics in primary and secondary syphilis among persons with HIV infection do not result in enhanced efficacy (592,593,609).”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [593]
The Results (Factors Associated With Treatment Response; page not provided) found similar serologic responses with one versus multiple BPG doses in HIV-infected people with early syphilis. It also found no improved response for a pooled “other” regimen group, but the Data Analysis and Definitions section says that group combined penicillin derivatives used alone or with BPG and non-penicillin antibiotics. The paper therefore does not establish the claim specifically for additional amoxicillin or each other antibiotic. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAdditional doses of benzathine penicillin G, amoxicillin, or other antibiotics in early latent syphilis do not enhance efficacy, regardless of HIV status.
“Available data demonstrate that additional doses of benzathine penicillin G, amoxicillin, or other antibiotics in early latent syphilis do not enhance efficacy, regardless of HIV status (592,593,609).”
From Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 (2021) · cites this paper as [593]
The Results report similar treatment responses with one versus multiple BPG doses in HIV-infected people with early syphilis. However, the Data Analysis and Definitions section says syphilis stage was not consistently captured, and the study did not establish the claim specifically for early latent syphilis, amoxicillin or other added antibiotics, or people without HIV. The Discussion further limits its conclusion to patients with preserved CD4 counts and low viral loads. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredFor all stages of syphilis, there is no evidence to suggest that people living with HIV need to be treated differently compared to HIV-negative individuals.
“For all stages of syphilis, there is no evidence to suggest that people living with HIV need to be treated differently compared to HIV-negative individuals134–138: 1B.”
From BASHH UK guidelines for the management of syphilis 2024 (2024) · cites this paper as [134]
The Discussion (page not available in our copy) suggests little benefit from additional benzathine penicillin G doses for early syphilis in people with HIV who have preserved CD4 counts and low viral loads. It does not establish that treatment need not differ from that of HIV-negative people at all stages of syphilis; the authors also say their study was not adequately powered to answer the question for people with advanced immunosuppression. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Ganesan, A., Mesner, O., Okulicz, J. F., O'Bryan, T., Deiss, R. G., Lalani, T., Whitman, T. J., Weintrob, A. C., Macalino, G., & Agan, B. K.
- Affiliations
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (US)
- Brooke Army Medical Center (US)
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
- Naval Medical Center San Diego (US)
- Naval Medical Center Portsmouth (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ganesan, Anuradha
- ORCID
- Venue
- Clinical Infectious Diseases
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-11-10
- Volume
- 60
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 653-660
- ISSN
- 1058-4838 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-6591
- PMC
- PMC6477935
- OpenAlex
- W2160428372
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Clinical Infectious Diseases (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Infectious Disease Clinical Research Program (IDCRP-015)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
- National Institutes of Health (Y1-AI-5072)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Syphilis Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Historical Medical Research and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Parasitology › Vector-borne infectious diseases
- Keywords
- early syphilis, HIV infection, benzathine penicillin G, treatment response, CD4 count, age
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Antitreponemal Agents, Drug Administration Schedule, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Injections, Intramuscular, Male, Middle Aged, Penicillin G Benzathine, Syphilis, Cohort Studies, HIV Infections, Multivariate Analysis, Proportional Hazards Models, CD4 Lymphocyte Count, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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