A qualitative study of bullying from multiple perspectives

“The assessment of power imbalance is complicated because it is difficult to assess, especially in younger populations (Mishna, 2004, 2006).”

“of qualitative data may help reveal specific forms and degrees of power within various relationships, such as bullying within friendships (Mishna, 2004; Mishna, Wiener, & Pepler, 2008).”

“Doubting a child’s view may contribute to his or her lack of disclosure to teachers (Dawkins & Hill, 1995; Mishna, 2004).”

“Based on her ethnographic study on peer harassment, Cadigan (2002) argues that while supportive friendships served as a shield against harassment (making ‘loners’ especially vulnerable), friends could also be a source of harassment (also see Besag, 2006; Mishna, 2004; Mishna and others, 2008).”

“Sorting out which behaviors constitute bullying can be frustrating and discouraging, and influences whether adults intervene (Hazler, Miller, Carney, & Green, 2001; Mishna, 2004).”

“Furthermore, it allows to foreground young people’s conceptions and subjective experiences of CB (Dennehy et al., 2020; Mishna, 2004).”

“…on certain aspects, for example, children, their parents, teachers, and principals on their respective perspective on victimization by bullying (Mishna, 2004); needs of older people with dementia and their caregivers and health professionals (Lawrence, Murray, & Banerjee, 2009); children and…”

“The pervasiveness of peer victimisation among children is well documented (Mishna, 2004), with bullying in schools regarded as a significant social problem that needs to be addressed immediately (Rigby, 2004).”

“Bisexual, bullying, Canada, gay, homophobia, lesbian, peer victimization, sexual orientation, qualitative research, transgender, youth Recognition of the seriousness of bullying has led to the accumulation of a large body of research (Mishna, 2004; Olweus, 1994; Roland, 2000).”

“A strength of the analysis undertaken in this study is that it provides multiple perspectives which Mishna (2004) points out is important for overcoming the problems associated with shared method variance.”

“In the peer victimization literature there is relatively little research on bullying within dyadic friendships (Bollmer et al., 2005; Crick and Nelson, 2002; Mishna, 2004).”

“Reported bullying underestimates the problem, because many children and youth do not admit to being victimized (Mishna, 2004; Mishna et al., 2006; Pepler et al., 1994).”

“Mishna (2004), for example, examined students’ experiences of bullying from the perspectives of victims, parents, and teachers.”

“…2010; Cassidy et al. 2012; Clarke et al. 2004; Harvey 2009; Humphrey and Crisp 2008; Sawyer et al. 2011), while the remaining seven included parents, children, teachers, or other school staff (Kirves and Sajaniemi 2012; Mark 2009; Mishna 2004; Mishna et al. 2006, 2008; Purcell 2012; Zaklama 2003).”

“…in literature for the criteion of intentionality, which was not found to be consistently entioned by students in defining bullying (Cheng et al., 011; Frisén et al., 2008; Mishna, 2004; Vaillancourt et al., 008), with as few as 1.70% of students referring to it when sked to describe bullying.”

“…discourses that explain gender-based bullying as a natural outgrowth of adolescent sexual development further limit teachers’ willingness to identify student behaviors as bullying and justify faculty unresponsiveness (Chambers et al., 2004; Dupper & Meyer-Adams, 2002; Lahelma, 2002; Mishna, 2004).”

“For this purpose, individual and focus group interviews with smaller sample size have been commonly used in recent years (e.g., Berguno et al. 2004; Cullingford and Morrison 1995; deLara 2008a; Espelage and Asidao 2001; Garbarino 1999; Garbarino and deLara 2002; Gamliel et al. 2003; Mishna 2004; Mishna et al. 2007; Ow…”

“Also, these studies have regularly provided teachers with a predetermined definition of bullying, as well as hypothetical scenarios or specific types of bullying to assess potential responses (Bauman & Del Rio, 2006; Mishna, 2004; Mishna et al., 2005; Yoon, 2004; Yoon & Kerber, 2003).”

“Moreover, qualitative data allow for a deeper exploration of relationships between individuals, specifically, differences in power and other factors that may be contributing to their interactions, which is particularly important when examining adolescent bullying (Mishna, 2004; Volk, Veenstra, & Espelage, 2017).”

“Some student participants indicated that they were more comfortable pursuing a friend-initiated defense against bullies as opposed to discussing victimization with adults, a finding that has been supported by the literature (Mishna, 2004).”

“The results of youth being bullied are not only troubling to youth but parents as well (Mishna, 2004).”

“…a bullying definition to a scenario could result in confusion when distinguishing fighting or friendly teasing from bullying behavior in the real world and ultimately may result in either the overestimation or underestimation of the prevalence of bullying (Mishna, 2004; Mishna et al., 2005).”

“However, previous research has found that even when given a definition, children still have a difficult time deciding whether an incident is considered bullying [11].”

“Teachers have considered physical bullying to be more serious than verbal or relational bullying (Bauman & Del Rio, 2006; Ellis & Shute, 2007; Hazler, Miller, Carney, & Green, 2001; Mishna, 2004; Yoon & Kerber, 2003).”

“More common than interviews with victims are interviews with teachers about bullying (e.g. Rigby and Johnson 2016; Mishna 2004; Mishna et al. 2005; Mishna 2012).”

“Friends and peers may perceive direct victimization as potentially more harmful or serious and therefore may be more likely to intervene and support the victim (Mishna, 2004).”

“As reported in previous research, peers stand out as the main victims and perpetrators of their peers (Ballesteros, 2018; Bergmann & Baier, 2018; Mishna, 2004; Mishna et al., 2008; Smith et al., 2008).”

“The relevance of this aim was that “increasing our understanding of the view of pupils and adults is key to developing effective interventions” (Del Barrio 1999, in Mishna, 2004:235).”

“Children and adults have demonstrated a reluctance to label the behavior of peers, especially friends, as bullying (Mishna, 2004).”

“, students, teachers, and parents), and scholars (Arora, 1996; Cheng, Chen, Ho, & Cheng, 2011; Cuadrado-Gordillo, 2012; Guerin & Hennessy, 2002; Mishna, 2004; Monks & Smith, 2006; Naylor, Cowie, Cossin, de Bettencourt, & Lemme, 2006; P. K. Smith et al., 2002; Vaillancourt et al., 2008).”

“they illuminate the different social processes behind engagement or passivity in bullying or how school pupils themselves understand and explain bullying (Hellström, Persson, and Hagquist 2015; Mishna 2004; Varjas et al. 2008).”

“For example, Mishna (2004) found that students determine whether a particular behaviour is classified as bullying based on its perceived severity.”

“Qualitative research has found that students, parents, and teachers have difficulty deciding what constitutes a power imbalance and when an incident is serious enough to be considered bullying ( Mishna, 2004).”

“Importantly, research has shown that peer aggression may happen between friends (Mishna, 2004).”

“…2008; Gordillo, 2011; Guerin & Hennessey, 2002; Lee, 2006; Madsen, 1996; Maunder, Harrop, & Tattersall, 2010; Menesini, Fonzi, & Smith, 2002; Mishna, 2004; Mishna, Scarcello, Pepler, & Wiener, 2005; Mishna, Wiener, & Pepler, 2008; Monks & Smith, 2006; Naylor, Cowie, Cossin, de Address…”

“Mishna (2004) found that there was immense confusion between parents, pupils and educators as to what constituted bullying.”

“This is confirmed by still scarce studies, but their results are often influenced by chosen research methodologies or employed instruments (Fisher and Dzikus, 2017), while the fully unpurified conception of bullying causes difficulties in recognizing this phenomenon (Mishna, 2004).”

“However, researchers have found that malicious behaviors need not be repeated to be perceived as bullying (Bosacki, Marini, & Dane, 2006; Land, 2003; Mishna, 2004) and that the goal of bullying may be to achieve or enlarge power imbalances (Varjas et al., 2008).”

“Although the definition might seem explicit, individuals in the social environment where bullying is occurring might not be able to recognize the behavior as bullying (Mishna, 2004).”

“Regarding the victimization experience, Mishna (2004) observed, for instance, that children’s decision to disclose their situation was affected by the parents’ lack of interest or negative reactions to the issue.”

“For example, youth do not view repetition as a significant factor when defining bullying (Mishna, 2004; Singham et al., 2017; Vaillancourt et al., 2008).”

“For example, if teachers blame the victim, do they accordingly moderate their intervention in any existing bullying by, for example, failing to stop it (Mishna 2004; Varjas et al. 2008)?”

“However, in recent years, a small number of qualitative studies have explored the experiences and perspectives of parents whose children have been bullied (Brown et al., 2013; Ford, 2013; Humphrey & Crisp, 2008; Mishna, 2004; Sawyer et al., 2011).”

“BMC Public Health, 16, 145. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-016-2833-3 Mishna, F. (2004).”

“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript Mishna, 2004; Sawyer et al., 2011).”

“Given the alarmingly high vulnerability for suicidal activity among these adolescents, counselors need to be alert to those particularly at risk; those who have pre-existing trauma history, and those who report a sense of isolation (Mishna, 2004, 2006; van der Wal, de Witt, & Hirasing, 2003).”

“Teachers, prospective teachers and school counsellors have considered physical bullying to be the most severe, verbal bullying to be second in severity and relational bullying to be third in severity (Craig, Henderson, & Murphy, 2000; Ellis & Shute, 2007; Hazler, Miller, Carney, & Green, 2001; Mishna, 2004; Yoon & Ker…”

“naires and interviews with students and teachers (Smith and Brain 2000, 6; see also Horton 2011; Mishna 2004; Walton 2005).”

“Indeed, cyberbullying victims were most commonly those with a worse relationship with their parents and teachers compared to those who were not victims of cyberbullying (Bjereld, Daneback, & Petzold, 2017), despite parent and teachers being essential in helping to efficiently solve both conflicts (Bjereld et al., 2017…”

“In contrast, qualitative studies concerning C/B from the disciplines of education and sociology prioritize the social contexts and lived experiences of CYP (e.g. Barter & Renold, 2000; Duncan, 1997; Mishna, 2004; Shute et al., 2008; Spears et al., 2009; Thornberg, 2011; Torrance, 2000).”

“The parents’ understanding of bullying may affect whether they respond effectively and appropriately to their child when they disclose victimization [22].”

“Also, adolescents tend to hesitate disclosing anything to their parents about being bullied (Bjereld et al., 2017; Mishna, 2004).”

“…had been used in the agency groups and were considered valuable and added topics that were identified in the literature, such as understanding LDs (Eisenman & Tascione, 2002; C. Pearl, 2004), self-advocacy skills (Barga, 1996; Merchant & Gajar, 1997), and bullying experiences (Mishna, 2003, 2004).”

“Educators and parents have expressed in interviews that they have often found it difficult to determine which behaviors were bullying, as they reported difficulty 1 3 in determining if an incident included a power imbalance (Mishna, 2004).”

“Mishna (2004) asked children, parents and teachers about their perception of bullying, and identified many complexities.”

“Despite the benefits of receiving helpful teacher support, students often perceive teachers as being unreceptive or unhelpful to bullying reports (Danielson & Emmers-Sommer, 2017; Mishna, 2004; Tenenbaum, Varjas, Meyers, & Parris, 2011).”

“To cite this article: Donoghue, C., Rosen, D., Almeida, A., & Brandwein, D. (2015). When is Peer Aggression 'Bullying?' An Analysis of Elementary and Middle School Student Discourse on Bullying at School.”

“Mishna (2004) claims youth avoid seeking help from teachers and school officials because they are not receptive to bullying reports or misjudge the severity of the incident.”

“Mishna (2004) interviewed children, parents, teachers, and administrators and found substantial differences between these groups in their determination of whether or not a specific incident was bullying.”

“Generally, children do not tell their parents about being bullied (Mishna 2004), because they think that it would aggravate the situation, and result in the termination of friendships.”

“However, what may be perceived as bullying initially by a student or their parent, may be something different, like peer conflict (Mishna, 2004).”

“…it imperative that participants were able to indicate their own consent without seeking parental consent, as previous research has demonstrated that young people are reluctant to disclose peer abuse to adults, particularly experiences that implicate the aggression of a friend (Mishna, 2004).”

“This is in line with the study of Mishna (2004) that suggest that several factors influence ones’ perception of what is going on and emphasize even more that to be met with understanding from the school staff is important.”