Young people’s conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research
Open accessAbstract
Cyberbullying is a serious public health problem facing young people. Adults do not have first-hand experience of being immersed in social media in their youth and this necessitates the inclusion of youth voice in efforts to understand and address cyberbullying. This study aimed to synthesize qualitative studies which had explored young people's conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying, with a view to informing conceptual and intervention development. A systematic review and meta-ethnographic synthesis of qualitative studies was conducted. Nine databases were searched from inception to July 2018. The Critical Appraisal Skills Program assessment tool was used to appraise the quality of included studies. Of 4872 unique records identified, 79 were reviewed in detail and 13 studies comprising 753 young people from 12 countries were included. Five key concepts were identified: Intent, Repetition, Accessibility, Anonymity and Barriers to Disclosure. A “line of argument” illustrating young people's conceptualization of cyberbullying was developed. The significance of information and communication technology in young people's lives, and the complexity of the cyber world in which they connect, must be recognized in conceptualizations of cyebrbullying. The distinctive features of cyberbullying identified in young people's characterization can be used to inform bottom-up research and intervention efforts.
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TL;DR
This meta-ethnography synthesized 13 qualitative studies involving 753 young people from 12 countries to characterize youth conceptualizations of cyberbullying. It identified five key concepts—Intent, Repetition, Accessibility, Anonymity, and Barriers to Disclosure—and developed a line of argument emphasizing ambiguity, fluid power relations, and victim impact.
Key findings
- Across 13 included studies and 753 participants aged 10–19 from 12 countries, five key concepts were identified: Intent, Repetition, Accessibility, Anonymity, and Barriers to Disclosure.
- Young people equated cyberbullying with “bullying via the Internet” and repeated victimization intended to harm or perceived as harmful, but intent was described as subjective; several studies reported that victim impact and perception could be more relevant than the aggressor’s intention.
- Repetition was key but complicated in cyberspace: one-time public acts could have repetitive effects, and visual cyberbullying was perceived as particularly damaging. Anonymity empowered perpetrators and increased victim insecurity, distress, fear, and powerlessness, while barriers to disclosure included fear of escalation, adults’ perceived ineptness, and loss of ICT access.
- Quality appraisal was overall high, but three studies were judged less valuable due to unclear methods; researcher reflexivity was lacking in the majority of studies, and only one study reported active youth involvement in the research process.
Methods
- Systematic review and meta-ethnographic synthesis guided by Noblit and Hare’s seven-step model; nine databases were searched from inception to July 2018, supplemented by hand-searching and expert consultation.
- Inclusion criteria required participants aged 10–19, school setting, qualitative methods or clearly delineated qualitative components in mixed-method studies, and English-language peer-reviewed full reports.
- Of 4,872 unique records, 79 full texts were assessed and 13 studies were included; CASP was used for quality appraisal, and analysis involved thematic coding of first- and second-order interpretations, double-coding of three conceptually rich studies, and development of third-order interpretations and a line of argument.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: retrieving qualitative studies is challenging due to indexing inconsistencies, so a relevant study may have been omitted; analysis and interpretation were limited by the contextual and conceptual thinness of some included studies, possibly due to journal word limits.
- Stated in the paper: ethical and meaningful research reporting was poor in some included studies, with significant variation in consent procedures; reflexivity was lacking in most studies, and only one study explicitly addressed the adult–child relationship.
- Evident from the text: inclusion was restricted to English-language, peer-reviewed, school-recruited studies with participants aged 10–19, excluding non-school settings, other age groups, and non-English studies; the synthesis also reports no consensus on the sex of those involved or on power imbalance in cyberbullying.
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- Findingreasoning
No consensus was indicated on the sex of those involved in cyberbullying victimization or perpetration.
“No consensus was indicated on the sex of those involved in cyberbullying victimization or perpetration.”
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No other included study reported the active involvement of young people in the research process.
“No other study reported the active involvement of young people in the research process.”
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Five meta-themes reflect young people's conceptualization of cyberbullying: Intent, Repetition, Accessibility, Anonymity and Barriers to Disclosure.
“Five meta-themes that reflect young people's conceptualization of cyberbullying are reported below: Intent, Repetition, Accessibility, Anonymity and Barriers to Disclosure.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“5 key concepts were identified: Intent, Repetition, Accessibility, Anonymity and Barriers to Disclosure.”
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- Findingcitation
At a descriptive level young people equated cyberbullying with 'bullying via the Internet'.
“At a descriptive level young people equated cyberbullying with”
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Ethical issues were not discussed in four included studies.
“Ethical issues were not discussed in four studies (Abu Bakar, 2015;Naruskov et al., 2012;Topcu, Yıldırım, & Erdur-Baker, 2013;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
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Intent to harm was reported by several studies as a key element within young people's descriptions of cyberbullying.
“The intent to harm was reported by several studies as a key element within young people's descriptions of cyberbullying (Berne et al., 2014;Naruskov et al., 2012;Nocentini et al., 2010;Topcu et al., 2013;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
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Three studies were judged to be less valuable because of a lack of clarity across the CASP domains, particularly with regard to research methods.
“Three studies were judged to be less valuable because of a lack of clarity across the CASP domains, particularly with regard to research methods (Burnham & Wright, 2012;Smith et al., 2008;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
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Young people's characterization of cyberbullying was complicated by the all-consuming and complex nature of the cyber world and the ambiguous nature of many interactions within it.
“However, young people's characterization of the phenomenon was complicated by the all-consuming and complex nature of the cyber world and the ambiguous nature of many interactions that take place within it (Baas et al., 2013;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Nocentini et al., 2010;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014).”
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Intent to harm was often motivated by revenge, sometimes for face-to-face bullying.
“Intent to harm was often motivated by revenge, sometimes for face-to-face bullying (Betts & Spenser, 2017;Burnham & Wright, 2012;Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Naruskov et al., 2012;Topcu et al., 2013;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
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Cyberbullying was portrayed as repeated victimization that is intended to harm or is perceived as harmful by the victim.
“It was portrayed as repeated victimization that is intended to harm or is perceived as harmful by the victim (Abu Bakar, 2015;Baas et al., 2013;Berne et al., 2014;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Jacobs et al., 2015;Naruskov et al., 2012;Nocentini et al., 2010;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Topcu et al., 2013;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
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A total of 753 young people aged between 10-19 were involved as research participants across 12 countries.
“In summary, a total of 753 young people aged between 10-19 were involved as research participants across 12 countries.”
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A number of studies suggested that girls were more likely to be involved in cyberbullying as victims and perpetrators.
“However, a number of studies suggested that girls were more likely to be involved in cyberbullying as victims and perpetrators (Berne et al., 2014;Jacobs et al., 2015;Smith et al., 2008).”
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The overall quality of the included studies was high.
“The overall quality of the included studies was high.”
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The absence of face-to-face interaction in the cyber world contributes to the ambiguous nature of intent.
“Many studies highlighted how the absence of face-to-face interaction in the cyber world contributes to the ambiguous nature of intent (Abu Bakar, 2015;Baas et al., 2013;Mishna et al., 2009;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Smith et al., 2008;Topcu et al., 2013).”
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Online joking or banter has the potential to progress to cyberbullying because of potential ambiguity in how the message is interpreted by the recipient.
“Several studies reported that online joking or banter, described as jocular interactions between friends with no malicious intent, has the potential to progress to cyberbullying because of potential ambiguity in how the message is interpreted by the recipient.”
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Several studies reported that the effect on the victim and his/her perception of the acts can be more relevant to young people in characterizing cyberbullying than the intention of the supposed aggressor.
“Several studies reported that the”
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The relationship between those involved in banter online can influence the interpretation of the behavior.
“Some studies suggested that the relationship between those involved in banter online can influence the interpretation of the behavior (Baas et al., 2013;Betts & Spenser, 2017).”
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Some included studies characterized young people as dependent on ICT.
“Some studies characterized young people as dependent on ICT (Abu Bakar, 2015; Mishna et al., 2009).”
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Cyberbullying is an extension of school bullying, with perpetrators empowered to continue their harassment in cyberspace after the school day.
“Several studies described cyberbullying as an extension of school bullying with perpetrators empowered to continue their harassment in cyberspace after the school day (Betts & Spenser, 2017;Mishna et al., 2009;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Topcu et al., 2013).”
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For the victim, the nature of social media can exponentially increase the number of persons who view or hear about potentially embarrassing issues.
“For the victim, the”
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Damaging material lingers online for anyone to download or forward.
“Damaging material lingers online”
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Students in Germany perceived that each person receiving information about the victim counted as an additional incident.
“students in Germany perceived that”
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When away from the online environment young people report feeling isolated from social life.
“When away from the online environment young people report feeling isolated from social life (Abu Bakar, 2015; Betts & Spenser, 2017;Mishna et al., 2009;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Topcu et al., 2013).”
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Anonymous acts can make it difficult for a victim to determine a perpetrator's identity.
“However, anonymous acts can make it difficult for a victim to determine a perpetrator's identity (Mishna et al., 2009;Nocentini et al., 2010;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
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Issues that begin in cyberspace can sometimes result in physical violence in the school setting.
“Conversely, some young people highlighted that issues that begin in cyberspace can sometimes result in physical violence in the school setting (Baas et al., 2013;Berne et al., 2014;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014).”
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For young people, fear of possible escalations to physical violence appeared stronger than fear of cyberbullying itself.
“A Dutch study noted that for young people the “fear of possible escalations to physical violence appeared to be even stronger than the fear of cyberbullying itself” (Baas et al., 2013, p. 250).”
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Visual cyberbullying, the distribution of disparaging pictures or videos online, was perceived as particularly damaging.
“Visual cyberbullying, the distribution of disparaging pictures or videos online, was perceived as particularly damaging (Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Nocentini et al., 2010;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Smith et al., 2008;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
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Young people may not be aware of the lasting consequences of one-time actions.
“It was highlighted that young people”
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An expectation of safety in the home can make cyberbullying feel particularly invasive.
“A Canadian study highlighted that an expectation of safety in the home can make cyberbullying feel particularly invasive.”
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Victims sometimes discover the identity of an anonymous perpetrator.
“It was noted that victims sometimes discover the identity of an anonymous perpetrator (Baas et al., 2013;Mishna et al., 2009;Nocentini et al., 2010;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008)”
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The desire to be constantly connected was a barrier to seeking support.
“The desire to be constantly connected was a barrier to seeking support (Betts & Spenser, 2017;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014).”
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The anonymity afforded by social media enables perpetrators to engage in cyberbullying acts with little fear of repercussion.
“The anonymity afforded by social media enables perpetrators to engage in cyberbullying acts with little fear of repercussion (Betts & Spenser, 2017;Mishna et al., 2009;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Smith et al., 2008;Topcu et al., 2013).”
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Young people were reluctant to report cyberbullying to adults for fear that their access to ICT would be removed.
“Some studies highlighted young people's reluctance to report cyberbullying to adults for fear that their access to ICT would be removed.”
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Anonymous cyberbullying within peer groups often takes the form of hacking and impersonation.
“Many studies reported that anonymous cyberbullying within peer groups often takes the form of hacking and impersonation (Abu Bakar, 2015;Baas et al., 2013;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Jacobs et al., 2015;Naruskov et al., 2012;Nocentini et al., 2010;Topcu et al., 2013;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008)”
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The unknown created by anonymity contributed to the insecurity, distress, fear, and powerlessness experienced by victims.
“Several studies reported that the unknown created by anonymity contributed to the insecurity, distress, fear, and powerlessness experienced by victims.”
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There was divergence in young people's perception of adults' ability to help when they were informed about cyberbullying.
“There was divergence in young people's perception of adults' ability to help when they were informed about cyberbullying.”
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Anonymity can empower those who were unlikely to become real-life bullies or who were even victims of traditional bullying to engage in bullying behaviors.
“It was reported that anonymity can “…empower those who were unlikely to become real life bullies or who were even victims of traditional bullying”, to engage in bullying behaviors (Abu Bakar, 2015;Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008, p. 502).”
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There is a tension between the desire to disclose experiences of cyberbullying to adults and young people's fear of the consequences of reporting.
“Several studies highlighted a tension between the desire to disclose their experiences of cyberbullying to adults and young people's fear of the consequences of reporting (Betts & Spenser, 2017;Burnham & Wright, 2012;Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Smith et al., 2008).”
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Some young people perceived anonymity and perpetrators' ability to evade responsibility as a barrier to telling parents or teachers, as they make it impossible for the victim to prove the cyber incident or to identify the perpetrator.
“Some young people perceived anonymity and the perpetrators ability to evade responsibility as a barrier to telling parents or teachers, as they make it impossible for the victim to prove the cyber incident or to identify the perpetrator (Mishna et al., 2009;Smith et al., 2008;Topcu et al., 2013).”
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Young people recognized anonymity as a large part of the power and impact of cyberbullying.
“This was recognized by young people as a large part of the power and impact of cyber bullying (Baas et al., 2013;Mishna et al., 2009;Naruskov et al., 2012;Nocentini et al., 2010;Smith et al., 2008;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
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In the cyber world, the potential for anonymity, including the ability to assume a new persona, means that physical, psychological, and social characteristics of perpetrators and victims are less relevant.
“Power in the physical world is delineated by the physical, psychological, and social characteristics of perpetrators and victims but consistent with previous studies, findings suggest that in the cyber world the potential for anonymity, including the ability to assume a new persona, means that these characteristics are less relevant (Dooley et al., 2009;Langos, 2012;Thomas et al., 2015;Tokunaga, 2”
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- Rests on an assumption: Power in the physical world is delineated by the physical, psychological, and social characteristics of perpetrators and victims.
- Findingcitation
Findings from this synthesis indicate that young people are reluctant to seek support, particularly from adults who they perceive as ignorant to the cyber world.
“Furthermore, as reflected in previous research, findings from this synthesis indicate that young people are reluctant to seek support, particularly from adults who they perceive as ignorant to the cyber world.(Cassidy et al., 2013;Fenaughty & Harré, 2013;Slonje & Smith, 2008;Vaillancourt et al., 2017).”
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Young people believe cyberbullying can occur whether or not there is intent to harm.
“Young people believe cyberbullying can occur whether or not there is intent to harm; they conceptualize its occurrence based on the seriousness of victim impact, as well as intent.”
- Also stated in: § Line of Argument · plain
“Young people believe cyberbullying can occur whether or not there is intent to harm; they conceptualize its occurrence based on the seriousness of victim impact, as well as intent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Line of Argument · plain
- Findingcitation
The restriction of access to ICT was perceived as a punishment, even if undertaken as a supportive action, because it meant the loss of connection with their social world.
“The restriction of access was perceived as a punishment, even if undertaken as a supportive action, as it meant the “loss of their connection with their social world” (Baas et al., 2013;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Mishna et al., 2009Mishna et al., , p. 1226)).”
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Findings from this synthesis indicate that deciphering intent and impact in the cyber world is complicated by the absence of verbal and visual cues, leading to difficulties in interpretation.
“Echoing a previous review, findings from this synthesis indicate that deciphering intent and impact in the cyber world is complicated by the absence of verbal and visual cues, leading to difficulties in interpretation (Cassidy et al., 2013).”
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- Findingown data
There was significant variation in the consent procedures employed in the included studies.
“While word limits imposed by journals may impede the reporting of qualitative research, nonetheless, consideration of these issues was poorly reported in some of the included studies and there was significant variation in the consent procedures employed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Consideration of ethical issues was poorly reported in some of the included studies.
“While word limits imposed by journals may impede the reporting of qualitative research, nonetheless, consideration of these issues was poorly reported in some of the included studies and there was significant variation in the consent procedures employed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
Findings from this synthesis indicate that young people perceive public cyberbullying as more harmful than that which is hidden from others' attention.
“Findings from this synthesis indicate that young people perceive public cyberbullying as more harmful than that which is hidden from others' attention.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Cyberbullying is highly complex in nature.
“Cyberbullying is highly complex in nature, characterized by a degree of ambiguity not seen within traditional conceptualizations of bullying and by the intersection of a range of possible components, all of which do not have to be present for it to occur.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
Victims experience difficulties in estimating the intentions of the presumed bully.
“Victims experience difficulties in estimating the intentions of the presumed bully”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Within cyberbullying, power relations can be identified as fluid and changeable.
“However, the nature of the cyber world alters the distribution of power and within cyberbullying power relations can be identified as fluid and changeable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
The nature of the cyber world alters the distribution of power.
“However, the nature of the cyber world alters the distribution of power and within cyberbullying power relations can be identified as fluid and changeable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Cyberbullying largely occurs within young people's social groups and relationships.
“Cyberbullying, largely, occurs within young people's social groups and relationships.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Intentional cyberbullying is motivated by features of the cyber world that serve to empower perpetrators.
“Intentional cyberbullying is motivated by internal factors including jealousy and revenge and also by the features of the cyber world that serve to empower perpetrators.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Victims may be afraid of the consequences, which is another reason for not seeking help.
“Another reason for not seeking help is that victims may be afraid of the consequences.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingreasoning
Cyberbullying is characterized by a degree of ambiguity not seen within traditional conceptualizations of bullying.
“Cyberbullying is highly complex in nature, characterized by a degree of ambiguity not seen within traditional conceptualizations of bullying and by the intersection of a range of possible components, all of which do not have to be present for it to occur.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given
Intentional cyberbullying is motivated by internal factors including jealousy and revenge.
“Intentional cyberbullying is motivated by internal factors including jealousy and revenge and also by the features of the cyber world that serve to empower perpetrators.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The obstacle to going to their parents or caregivers involves the fear of ill-considered actions like contacting the teacher, the bully, or the bully's parents.
“The obstacle to going to their parents or caregivers involves the fear of illconsidered actions like contacting the teacher, the bully, or the bully's parents”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
These components are consistently applied in cyberbullying research with the addendum that aggression is conveyed through electronic devices.
“These components are consistently applied in cyberbullying research with the addendum that aggression is conveyed through electronic devices (Gladden, Vivolo-Kantor, Hamburger, & Lumpkin, 2014;Kowalski et al., 2014;Tokunaga, 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Qualitative research allows young people's subjective definitions, meanings and experiences of cyberbullying to be brought to the fore.
“It allows for young people's subjective definitions, meanings and experiences of cyberbullying to be brought to the fore (Barter & Renold, 2000;Mishna, 2004).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Involvement in cyberbullying negatively impacts the physical, psychological, and social wellbeing of both victims and perpetrators.
“Involvement in cyberbullying impacts negatively on the physical, psychological, and social wellbeing of both victims and perpetrators (Kowalski, Giumetti, Schroeder, & Lattanner, 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kowalski, Giumetti, Schroeder, & Lattanner, 2014 source
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- Premisecitation
Adults do not have first-hand experience of being immersed in social media in their youth.
“Cyberbullying is a contemporary problem and adults do not have first-hand experience of being immersed in social media in their youth, therefore, the development of appropriate interventions requires a thorough understanding of the nature of cyberbullying from the perspective of young people (Craig et al., 2013;Michie, Stralen, & West, 2011;Spears, Slee, Campbell, & Cross, 2011;Spears, Taddeo, Dal”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Cyberbullying is associated with anxiety, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation.
“It is associated with anxiety, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, and reportedly has a stronger association with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation than traditional bullying (Bottino, Bottino, Regina, Correia, & Ribeiro, 2015;Fahy et al., 2016;Hamm et al., 2015;John et al., 2018;Katsaras et al., 2018;Nixon, 2014;van Geel, Vedder, & Tanilon, 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationnone given
Cyberbullying is characterized by the intersection of a range of possible components, all of which do not have to be present for it to occur.
“Cyberbullying is highly complex in nature, characterized by a degree of ambiguity not seen within traditional conceptualizations of bullying and by the intersection of a range of possible components, all of which do not have to be present for it to occur.”
- Also stated in: § Line of Argument · plain
“Cyberbullying is highly complex in nature, characterized by a degree of ambiguity not seen within traditional conceptualizations of bullying and by the intersection of a range of possible components, all of which do not have to be present for it to occur.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Line of Argument · plain
- Interpretationreasoning
Contextual and external factors shaping victims' interpretation include the relationship with the sender or exogenous stressors such as school and family stressors.
“These include the relationship with the sender or exogenous stressors such as school and family stressors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Efforts to understand and address cyberbullying have been predominantly top-down and rooted in the concept of traditional bullying, with the appendage that the bullying takes place through electronic devices.
“Efforts to understand and address cyberbullying have been predominantly top-down and rooted in the concept of traditional bullying, with the appendage that the bullying takes place through electronic devices (Gladden et al., 2014;Tokunaga, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Gladden et al., 2014
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- cites Tokunaga, 2010 source
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- Interpretationnone given
The multi-dimensional fear includes fear of public humiliation arising from the dissemination of negative content.
“Cyberbullying may generate a multi-dimensional experience of fear for its victims, including fear based on the nature of abusive content and commonly, the anonymity of the perpetrator; fear of public humiliation arising from the dissemination of negative content; fear of missing out or social isolation if one chooses to digitally disconnect; fear of possible negative consequences if one reports cy”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The multi-dimensional fear includes fear of missing out or social isolation if one chooses to digitally disconnect.
“Cyberbullying may generate a multi-dimensional experience of fear for its victims, including fear based on the nature of abusive content and commonly, the anonymity of the perpetrator; fear of public humiliation arising from the dissemination of negative content; fear of missing out or social isolation if one chooses to digitally disconnect; fear of possible negative consequences if one reports cy”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The multi-dimensional fear includes fear of possible negative consequences if one reports cyberbullying, including escalation to physical bullying or the restriction of ICT access by adults.
“Cyberbullying may generate a multi-dimensional experience of fear for its victims, including fear based on the nature of abusive content and commonly, the anonymity of the perpetrator; fear of public humiliation arising from the dissemination of negative content; fear of missing out or social isolation if one chooses to digitally disconnect; fear of possible negative consequences if one reports cy”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Repetition may or may not be required for cyberbullying to occur.
“Repetition may or may not be required for cyberbullying to occur.”
- Also stated in: § Line of Argument · hedged
“Repetition may or may not be required for cyberbullying to occur.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Line of Argument · hedged
- Interpretationreasoning
A preexisting power imbalance of the nature described is not necessary for cyberbullying.
“However, a preexisting power imbalance of this nature is not necessary.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
One action can constitute cyberbullying, due to the degree of rapid and widespread public dissemination facilitated by ICT.
“One action can constitute cyberbullying, due to the degree of rapid and widespread public dissemination facilitated by ICT.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
There is no consensus on the factors that contribute to power relations in cyberbullying.
“This notion has been proposed in previous studies, however, there is no consensus on the factors that contribute to power relations in cyberbullying (Cassidy et al., 2013;Dooley et al., 2009;Dredge, Gleeson, & Garcia, 2014;Hemphill et al., 2012;Kowalski et al., 2014;Langos, 2012;Menesini et al., 2012;Thomas et al., 2015;Vaillancourt, Faris, & Mishna, 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Such a multi-dimensional experience of fear has the potential to create very negative psychological and physical consequences for young people during adolescence.
“Such a multi-dimensional experience of fear has the potential to create very negative psychological and physical consequences for young people during the major developmental phase which is adolescence.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Cyberbullying, largely, occurs within young people's social groups and relationships.
“Cyberbullying, largely, occurs within young people's social groups and relationships.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
This synthesis adds that young people's habitual use of cyber technology and the features of the cyber world can establish and maintain asymmetrical power relations.
“This synthesis adds that young people's habitual use of cyber technology and the features of the cyber world can establish and maintain asymmetrical power relations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Exposure to the risk of cyberbullying is outweighed by young people's desire for continuous digital connectivity and fear of social disconnection.
“Exposure to the risk of cyberbullying is outweighed by young people's desire for continuous digital connectivity and fear of social disconnection.”
- Also stated in: § Line of Argument · plain
“Exposure to the risk of cyberbullying is outweighed by young people's desire for continuous digital connectivity and fear of social disconnection.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Line of Argument · plain
- Interpretationnone given
A power imbalance influenced by the physical, psychological and social characteristics of perpetrators and victims may exist where the perpetrator is identifiable.
“A power imbalance influenced by the physical, psychological and social characteristics of perpetrators and victims may exist where the perpetrator is identifiable.”
- Also stated in: § Line of Argument · hedged
“A power imbalance influenced by the physical, psychological and social characteristics of perpetrators and victims may exist where the perpetrator is identifiable.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § Line of Argument · hedged
- Interpretationreasoning
Negative impact is determined by victims' perception of events as influenced by the same cyber features and by contextual and external factors that shape victims' interpretation of online interactions.
“Negative impact is determined by victims' perception of events as influenced by the same cyber features and by contextual and external factors that shape victims' interpretation of online interactions.”
- Also stated in: § Line of Argument · plain
“Negative impact is determined by victims' perception of events as influenced by the same cyber features and by contextual and external factors that shape victims' interpretation of online interactions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Line of Argument · plain
- Interpretationcitation
Cyberbullying may generate a multi-dimensional experience of fear for its victims.
“Cyberbullying may generate a multi-dimensional experience of fear for its victims, including fear based on the nature of abusive content and commonly, the anonymity of the perpetrator; fear of public humiliation arising from the dissemination of negative content; fear of missing out or social isolation if one chooses to digitally disconnect; fear of possible negative consequences if one reports cy”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
In the context of the cyber world, power is constructed through technology.
“It appears that in the context of the cyber world power is constructed through technology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
It is possible that these factors contribute to the exacerbated effect on young people's health over and above that of traditional bullying.
“It is possible that these factors contribute to the exacerbated effect on young people's health over and above that of traditional bullying (Katsaras et al., 2018;Kelly, Zilanawala, Booker, & Sacker, 2019;Kowalski et al., 2014;Sticca & Perren, 2013;van Geel et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
The absence of physical and verbal signals makes it difficult for victims to convey their distress.
“for victims to convey their distress”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The absence of physical and verbal signals makes it difficult for perpetrators to recognise the impact of their actions.
“for perpetrators to recognise the impact of their actions”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The repetition of potentially harmful acts differentiates jocular behaviour from intentional harm.
“The repetition of potentially harmful acts differentiates jocular behaviour from intentional harm.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Previous research indicates that social support may mitigate the negative impact of cybervictimisation.
“Previous research indicates that social support may mitigate the negative impact of cybervictimisation (Machmutow, Perren, Sticca, & Alsaker, 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Machmutow, Perren, Sticca, & Alsaker, 2012
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Working with young people to understand and navigate the cyber world has been shown to be more effective in protecting them from victimization than implementing restrictions on ICT access.
“Working with young people to understand and navigate the cyber world has been shown to be more effective in protecting them from victimization than implementing restrictions on ICT access (Elsaesser, Russell, Ohannessian, & Patton, 2017).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Elsaesser, Russell, Ohannessian, & Patton, 2017 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Disinhibition in the cyber context encourages young people to say and do things that they would not ordinarily because self-boundaries and norm adherence are reduced in the absence of face-to-face interaction.
“Disinhibition in the cyber context encourages young people to say and do things that they would not ordinarily because self-boundaries and norm adherence are reduced in the absence of face-to-face interaction (Suler, 2004;Voggeser, Singh, & Göritz, 2018).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Suler, 2004 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Voggeser, Singh, & Göritz, 2018
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The absence of physical and verbal signals makes it difficult for recipients to determine the intention of online behaviour.
“making it difficult for recipients to determine the intention of online behaviour”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The significance of negative impact in young people's conceptualization indicates that it is a key factor in their experience.
“However, the significance of negative impact in young people's conceptualization, which is echoed in previous qualitative research, indicates that it is a key factor in their experience and, therefore, warrants recognition in conceptualization and intervention efforts (Dredge, Gleeson, & Garcia, 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Dredge, Gleeson, & Garcia, 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Victim impact has not featured in popular definitions of cyberbullying which focus on the acts of the perpetrator.
“However, victim impact has not featured in popular definitions of cyberbullying which focus on the acts of the perpetrator (Tokunaga, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tokunaga, 2010 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Intent is a subjective concept with potential problems of interpretation for both perpetrators and victims.
“Intent is a subjective concept with potential problems of interpretation for both perpetrators and victims.”
- Also stated in: § AB Text 43. · plain
“the problem with intention is that it is a subjective notion, with potential problems of interpretation for both victims and bullies.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § AB Text 43. · plain
- Interpretationreasoning
The ambiguity of intent renders cyber-victims powerless to verify their victimisation.
“This renders cyber-victims powerless to verify their victimisation”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductcitation
Analysis and interpretation is limited by the contextual and conceptual thinness of some of the included studies.
“However, it must be recognized that analysis and interpretation is limited by the contextual and conceptual thinness of some of the included studies (France et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites France et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In a concept analysis of the defining attributes of cyberbullying, Peter and Petermann (2018) also highlight victim perception as an important key cyberbullying attribute.
“In a concept analysis of the defining attributes of cyberbullying Peter and Petermann (2018) also highlight victim perception as an important key cyberbullying attribute.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Peter & Petermann, 2018
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
The absence of physical and verbal signals in cyber communication complicates the interpretation of online interactions.
“The absence of these elements complicates the interpretation of online interactions”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The ambiguity of intent in the cyber world empowers perpetrators to engage in acts of intentional harm under the guise of teasing.
“Additionally, the ambiguity of intent in the cyber world empowers perpetrators to engage in acts of intentional harm under the guise of teasing”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
Cyber communication is often devoid of the physical and verbal signals that augment understanding in face-to-face interactions.
“Cyber communication is often devoid of the physical and verbal signals that augment understanding in face-to-face interactions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The ambiguity of intent renders cyber-victims powerless to hold perpetrators accountable.
“and to hold perpetrators accountable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The ambiguity of intent enables perpetrators to avert the ramifications of their behaviour.
“enabling them to avert the ramifications of their behaviour.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The ambiguity of intent in the cyber world facilitates the continuation and escalation of harmful behaviour.
“This facilitates the continuation and escalation of harmful behaviour.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Repetition is key in young people's conceptualisation of cyberbullying indicating the intent and severity of cyberbullying behaviours.
“Repetition is key in young people's conceptualisation of cyberbullying indicating the intent and severity of cyberbullying behaviours.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Anonymity enables young people to say or do things that they would not otherwise.
“This enables young people to say or do things that they would not otherwise”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Young people fear that adults' efforts to intervene will lead to physical violence.
“or lead to physical violence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The omni-present nature of cyber technology enables the extension of school bullying to young people's homes.
“and enables the extension of school bullying to young people's homes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The relative permanence of online interactions and the sharing capabilities of technology and online media enable further distribution of harmful content by others.
“The relative permanence of online interactions and the sharing capabilities of technology and online media enable further distribution of harmful content by others”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Young people fear that adults' efforts to intervene will intensify cyberbullying.
“Young people fear that adults' efforts to intervene will intensify cyberbullying”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The unknown identity of the perpetrator contributes to the fear experienced by victims.
“The unknown identity of the perpetrator contributes to the fear experienced by victims”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Anonymity empowers those unlikely to perpetrate acts of traditional bullying to engage in bullying behaviour.
“and empowers those unlikely to perpetrate acts of traditional bullying to engage in bullying behaviour.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The concept of repetition is complicated in the cyber-world where solitary acts can have repetitive effects if executed in the public domain.
“However, the concept of repetition is complicated in the cyber-world where solitary acts can have repetitive effects if executed in the public domain”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Young people's desire to be constantly connected acts as a facilitator for cyberbullying.
“Their desire to be constantly connected acts as a facilitator for cyberbullying”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Anonymity allows perpetrators to evade responsibility and repercussion for their actions.
“thereby, evading responsibility and repercussion for their actions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Young people's desire to be constantly connected serves as a barrier to seeking support because they fear that their access to the cyber world will be removed in efforts to protect them.
“and also serves as a barrier to seeking support as young people fear that their access to the cyber world will be removed in efforts to protect them.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Anonymity gives perpetrators the power to cause intentional harm while remaining hidden.
“Anonymity gives perpetrators the power to cause intentional harm while remaining hidden”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
Cyberbullying can originate in the cyber world and manifest in the real world as physical violence.
“Cyberbullying can also originate in the cyber world and manifest in the real world as physical violence.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The ability to share information publicly through cyber technology empowers perpetrators to cause significant damage to victims with little effort or risk.
“The ability to share information publically through cyber technology empowers perpetrators to cause significant damage to victims with little effort or risk.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Solitary acts in the public domain can have repetitive effects because detrimental material has the potential to reach a large audience.
“where detrimental material has the potential to reach a large audience.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
A fear of the potential consequences discourages young people from reporting to adults.
“A fear of the potential consequences discourages young people from reporting to adults.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The omni-present nature of cyber technology facilitates continuous cyberbullying.
“The omni-present nature of cyber technology facilitates continuous cyberbullying”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Cyberbullying is more ambiguous than offline forms of bullying.
“From both perspectives, it appears that cyberbullying is more ambiguous than offline forms of bullying.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The potential for escalation to violence is a significant source of fear for young people.
“The potential for escalation to violence is a significant source of fear for young people.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Victimisation can traverse the victims' physical and cyber worlds, rendering young people powerless to escape.
“Subsequently, victimisation can traverse the victims physical and cyber worlds rendering young people powerless to escape.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The unknown identity of the perpetrator makes it difficult to report.
“and makes it difficult to report.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The relative permanence of online interactions and the sharing capabilities of technology and online media facilitate continuing victimisation.
“and facilitate continuing victimisation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 71
- May combine two claims. 70
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe full-texts of 79 articles were assessed for eligibility, 66 were excluded, leaving 13 articles for inclusion in the meta-ethnography.
“The full-texts of 79 articles were assessed for eligibility, 66 were excluded leaving 13 articles for inclusion in the meta-ethnography.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationResearcher reflexivity was lacking in the majority of included studies; only one study made explicit reference to the adult-child relationship and its impact on the research process.
“Researcher reflexivity was found to be lacking in the majority of studies; only one study made explicit reference to the adult-child relationship and its impact on the research process (Mishna et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mishna et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationThe majority of included studies used focus groups for qualitative data collection.
“The majority of studies used focus groups for qualitative data collection (Berne, Frisén, & Kling, 2014;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Burnham & Wright, 2012;Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Naruskov, Luik, Nocentini, & Menesini, 2012;Nocentini et al., 2010;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Smith et al., 2008;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Berne et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Betts & Spenser, 2017
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Burnham & Wright, 2012
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe electronic database searches returned 4,872 unique records after duplicate removal.
“The electronic database searches returned 4,872 unique records after duplicate removal.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
FindingcitationIn one study utilising a participatory approach, young people were involved in selecting topics for discussion and data were collected using various enabling techniques including writing and reciting stories.
“In the one study which utilised a participatory approach, young people were involved in selecting topics for discussion and data were collected using various enabling techniques including writing and reciting stories (Baas et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Baas et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationA Turkish study indicated that boys were more likely to be involved in cyberbullying.
“A Turkish study, conducted with young people active in cyberbullying, indicated that boys were more likely to be involved in cyberbullying (Topcu et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Topcu et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataFive included studies reported approval from an ethics committee.
“Five studies reported approval from an ethics committee (Berne et al., 2014;Burnham & Wright, 2012;Mishna et al., 2009;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Smith et al., 2008) while a Dutch study reported that ethical approval was deemed unnecessary by an ethics committee in the Netherlands (Jacobs et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationThree studies incorporated vignettes or scenarios to frame group discussion.
“Three studies incorporated vignettes or scenarios to frame group discussion (Berne et al., 2014;Naruskov et al., 2012;Nocentini et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataFour additional records were identified through other sources, two from the hand-search and two through consultation with experts.
“Four additional records were identified through other sources, two from the hand-search and two through consultation with experts in the area.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataConsent/assent from the young people involved was discussed in five of the included studies.
“Consent/assent from the young people involved was discussed in five of these cases (Baas et al., 2013;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Burnham & Wright, 2012;Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Baas et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Betts & Spenser, 2017
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Burnham & Wright, 2012
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataSeven included studies discuss obtaining consent from a parent/guardian.
“Seven studies discuss obtaining consent from a parent/guardian (Baas et al., 2013;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Burnham & Wright, 2012;Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Nocentini et al., 2010;Smith et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Baas et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Betts & Spenser, 2017
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Burnham & Wright, 2012
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationIntent was portrayed as a subjective notion with potential problems of interpretation for both victims and bullies.
“Intent, however, was portrayed as a”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Baas et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationJealousy was reported as a motivating factor for cyberbullying, commonly aimed at those considered popular.
“Jealousy was also reported as motivating factor, commonly aimed at those considered popular (Baas et al., 2013;Berne et al., 2014;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Jacobs et al., 2015;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Topcu et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationThe interpretation of messages, and their effect on the recipient, is fluid and is influenced by contextual and external factors.
“It appears that the interpretation of messages, and their effect on the recipient, is fluid and is influenced by contextual and external factors (Abu Bakar, 2015;Jacobs et al., 2015;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
FindingcitationClose friends may grant each other leeway in online exchanges and are more likely to interpret behavior as a joke, whereas casual friends may not understand intended humor and may take offense leading to escalating conflict.
“Close friends may”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Pelfrey & Weber, 2014
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Betts & Spenser, 2017
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Nocentini et al., 2010
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationIf the act is perceived as a joke then it is not harmful, but if the target of a behavior is negatively impacted this was interpreted as cyberbullying.
“It was considered that if the act is perceived as a joke then it is not harmful, but if the target of a behavior is negatively impacted this was interpreted as cyberbullying (Betts & Spenser, 2017;Nocentini et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Betts & Spenser, 2017
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Nocentini et al., 2010
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationPerpetrators tend not to empathize with the victim and this may lead to more harshness in teasing and jokes.
“Consequently, perpetrators”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Baas et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Pelfrey & Weber, 2014
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationRepetition differentiates between a joke and an intentional attack and characterizes the severity of the action.
“It was recognized that repetition differentiates between a joke and an intentional attack and characterizes the severity of the action.(Baas et al., 2013;Jacobs et al., 2015;Naruskov et al., 2012;Nocentini et al., 2010;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationIn the case of intentional harm, the absence of face-to-face interaction was thought to make it easier for the perpetrator.
“In the case of intentional harm, the absence of face-to-face interaction was thought to make it easier for the perpetrator, as explained by a 13 year-old girl in a Canadian study:”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mishna et al., 2009 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenIf the behavior is repeated it cannot be unintentional.
“However, it was perceived that if the behavior is repeated it cannot be unintentional.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationDue to the absence of physical cues it is difficult for victims to express their distress and for perpetrators to recognize the impact of their actions.
“Due to the absence of physical cues it is difficult for victims to express their distress and, consequently, for perpetrators to recognize the impact of their actions (Abu Bakar, 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Smith et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
FindingcitationPerpetrators of cyberbullying choose vulnerable victims, who may be anyone weaker or different and are expected not to defend themselves.
“Some studies reported that perpetrators of cyberbullying choose vulnerable victims,”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationOne-off or occasional events were depicted as tolerable and not directly a form of cyberbullying.
“One-off or occasional events were depicted as tolerable and”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
FindingcitationVictims are intentionally targeted because of physical and social characteristics including appearance, sexuality, personality, friends (or lack of) and popularity.
“It was perceived that victims are intentionally targeted because of physical and social characteristics including appearance, sexuality, personality, friends (or lack of) and popularity (Baas et al., 2013;Berne et al., 2014;Jacobs et al., 2015;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014;Topcu et al., 2013;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationYoung people perceived cyberbullies as insecure and recognized cyberbullying acts as enhancing the self-esteem of the perpetrator.
“Young people perceived cyberbullies as insecure and recognized cyberbullying acts as enhancing the self-esteem of the perpetrator (Berne et al., 2014;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Jacobs et al., 2015).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationVictims may find it hard to estimate the presumed bully's intentions, and therefore are more likely to interpret intended jokes as forms of cyberbullying.
“Likewise,”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Baas et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
FindingcitationRepetition indicates intentional cyberbullying.
“Several studies reported that repetition indicates intentional cyberbullying.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationStudents in an Estonian study perceived visual cyberbullying as more serious as it was more humiliating and more convincing.
“Students in an Estonian study perceived visual cyberbullying as more serious as it was more humiliating and more convincing, they articulated that”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Naruskov et al., 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
FindingcitationCyberspace empowers young people to disseminate damaging content easily and quickly to a large number of people, and it was deemed preferable to bully others through means of technology.
“Cyberspace empowers young people to disseminate damaging content easily and quickly to a large number of people, therefore, it was deemed preferable to bully others through means of technology (Berne et al., 2014;Topcu et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationRepetition in cyberbullying is complicated by the potential public nature of the acts; one-time actions may have repetitive effects if executed in the public domain.
“However, repetition in cyberbullying is complicated by the potential public nature of the acts with many studies noting that”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationThere is a large overlap between cyberbullying and traditional bullying, with victims sometimes targets of both.
“A large overlap between cyberbullying and traditional bullying was noted, with victims sometimes targets of both (Jacobs et al., 2015;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationTraditional bullying is believed to have a clear cut-off point, whereas cyberbullying can happen at any time of the day or night, reflecting young people's continual engagement with ICT.
“Traditional bullying is believed to have a clear cut-off point but cyberbullying can happen at any time of the day or night reflecting young people's continual engagement with ICT (Abu Bakar, 2015;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Pelfrey & Weber, 2014).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Abu Bakar, 2015 source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Betts & Spenser, 2017
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Pelfrey & Weber, 2014
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationICT is the dominant medium of communication in young people's lives and is integral to young people's interactions and relationships.
“Several studies highlighted that ICT is the dominant medium of communication in young people's lives and is integral to young people's interactions and relationships.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Findingnone given§ Young people's conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying: A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative researchA 'line of argument' illustrating young people's conceptualization of cyberbullying was developed.
“A”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationPerpetrators may share photos or say mean things about others to obtain peer rewards or a higher social status through the amusement of the wider audience.
“It was suggested that perpetrators may share photos or say mean things about others to obtain peer rewards or a higher social status through the amusement of the wider audience (Berne et al., 2014;Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Naruskov et al., 2012;Nocentini et al., 2010;Smith et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationCyberbullying has a cyclical nature: it often begins in cyberspace, becomes apparent within the school walls, and revolves back to cyberspace again.
“A study conducted in the USA described the “cyclical nature” of cyberbullying which “often begins in cyberspace, becomes apparent within the school walls, and revolves back to cyberspace again” (Pelfrey & Weber, 2014, p. 411).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Pelfrey & Weber, 2014
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
FindingcitationThe omni-present nature of ICT facilitates relentless cyberbullying and distinguishes it from traditional face-to-face bullying.
“It was reported that the omni-present nature of ICT facilitates relentless cyberbullying and distinguishes it from traditional face-toface bullying.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationKnowing the identity of the individual behind a cyberbullying act made it possible to put the action into perspective and react accordingly.
“It was suggested that knowing the identity of the individual behind a cyberbullying act “made it possible to put the action into perspective…and to react accordingly” (Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008, p. 502).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationCyberbullying takes place more often outside of school and is commonly experienced while at home, facilitated by technological access and insufficient adult monitoring and regulation.
“Many studies reported that cyberbullying takes place more often outside of school and is commonly experienced while at home, facilitated by technological access and insufficient adult monitoring and regulation (Burnham & Wright, 2012;Mishna et al., 2009;Smith et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationVictimization enabled by technology traverses the physical and cyber worlds, which can result in non-stop bullying.
“It was highlighted that, enabled by technology, victimization traverses the physical and cyber worlds which can result in “non-stop bullying” (Mishna et al., 2009(Mishna et al., , p. 1224)).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Mishna et al., 2009 source
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FindingcitationYoung people indicated that everyone is equally likely to be the target of cyberbullying.
“Similarly, young people indicated that “everyone is equally likely to be the target of cyber bullying” (Berne et al., 2014;Topcu et al., 2013, p. 146).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationPersons perceived as more powerful in real life and therefore unlikely to be victims of bullying in the physical world were the target of cyber-attacks.
“A Belgian study outlined that “in some instances, persons who were perceived as more powerful in real life” and therefore, unlikely to be victims of bullying in the physical world, “were the target of cyber-attacks” (Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008, p. 502).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008 source
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FindingcitationYoung people were fearful of parents' ill-considered actions in response to a report of cyberbullying, afraid that adult intervention would lead to an intensification of cyberbullying or an escalation to physical violence.
“Young people were fearful of parents ill-considered actions in response to a report of cyberbullying, afraid that adult intervention would lead to an intensification of cyberbullying or an escalation to physical violence (Baas et al., 2013;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Burnham & Wright, 2012;Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Smith et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Baas et al., 2013 source
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- cites Betts & Spenser, 2017
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- cites Burnham & Wright, 2012
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FindingcitationThe absence of consequence means that behavior is no longer constrained by the norms and rules of social interactions.
“The absence of consequence “means that behavior is no longer constrained by the norms and rules of social interactions” (Betts & Spenser, 2017, p. 31;Mishna et al., 2009;Topcu et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationAlthough perpetrators of cyberbullying were often perceived as anonymous, cyberbullying commonly takes place in the context of young people's social groups and relationships.
“Many studies reported that although the perpetrators of cyberbullying were often perceived as anonymous, cyberbullying commonly takes place in the context of young people's social groups and relationships (Abu Bakar, 2015;Baas et al., 2013;Berne et al., 2014;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Nocentini et al., 2010;Topcu et al., 2013;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationSome young people were satisfied that they had received appropriate support, while others reported that they did not get any help.
“Some young people were satisfied that they had received appropriate support while others reported that they did not get any help (Burnham & Wright, 2012;Topcu et al., 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Burnham & Wright, 2012
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- cites Topcu et al., 2013 source
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FindingcitationIn the cyber world, characteristics such as strong physique or belonging to a powerful group are irrelevant; the ability to be anonymous means everyone can harass others regardless of their conditions as long as they are online.
“However, these characteristics are irrelevant in the cyber world where the ability to be anonymous means that “everyone can harass others regardless of their conditions as long as they are online” (Abu Bakar, 2015, p. 401).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Abu Bakar, 2015 source
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- Rests on an assumption: Perpetrators of traditional bullying are often characterized as having a strong physique or as belonging to a powerful group.
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationYoung people who perpetrated cyberbullying explained that they had mostly operated anonymously or disguised themselves and that their victims were often people they also knew in the real world.
“Young people in a Belgian study who perpetrated cyberbullying explained that “they had mostly operated anonymously or disguised themselves and that their victims were often people they also knew in the real world” (Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008, p. 501).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008 source
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FindingcitationThe impact of cyberbullying can be more severe if the perpetrator is a familiar person.
“and it was suggested that the impact can be more severe if the perpetrator is a familiar person (Baas et al., 2013;Naruskov et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
FindingcitationYoung people perceived adults as oblivious to the cyber world and inept in dealing with cyber issues.
“Young people perceived adults as oblivious to the cyber world and inept in dealing with cyber issues (Baas et al., 2013;Burnham & Wright, 2012;Mishna et al., 2009;Smith et al., 2008); as a result, they often remained silent about cyberbullying.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationEngaging in anonymous cyberbullying allows perpetrators to use the excuse that someone had hacked into their account or used their computer whilst they were still logged in.
“Young people highlighted that engaging in anonymous cyberbullying allows perpetrators to use the “excuse that someone had hacked in to their account or used their computer whilst they were still logged in” (Betts & Spenser, 2017, p. 28).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Betts & Spenser, 2017
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FindingreasoningFindings from this synthesis illustrate that young people acknowledge the intent to harm but more strongly judge victim impact, as determined by the victims' perception of events, when characterizing cyberbullying.
“Findings from this synthesis illustrate that young people acknowledge the intent to harm but more strongly judge victim impact, as determined by the victims' perception of events, when characterizing cyberbullying.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenYoung people conceptualize cyberbullying occurrence based on the seriousness of victim impact, as well as intent.
“Young people believe cyberbullying can occur whether or not there is intent to harm; they conceptualize its occurrence based on the seriousness of victim impact, as well as intent.”
- Also stated in: § Line of Argument · plain
“Young people believe cyberbullying can occur whether or not there is intent to harm; they conceptualize its occurrence based on the seriousness of victim impact, as well as intent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Line of Argument · plain
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationFindings from this synthesis indicate that intent is a subjective concept with problems of interpretation for both victims and perpetrators.
“The findings from this synthesis indicate that intent is a subjective concept with problems of interpretation for both victims and perpetrators.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataFindings from this synthesis indicate that repetition is key in young people's characterization, differentiating one-time acts of aggression or joking behavior from cyberbullying.
“Findings from this synthesis indicate that repetition is key in young people's characterization, differentiating one-time acts of aggression or joking behavior from cyberbullying.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingnone givenPresumed bullies tend not to empathize with the victim and may underestimate the effects of their actions, which they primarily see as innocent pranks or harmless jokes.
“Presumed bullies tend not to empathize with the victim and may underestimate the effects of their actions, which they primarily see as innocent pranks or harmless jokes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingcitationThe obstacle to talking to their teacher involves the fear of group discussions about their problems, which may have adverse effects.
“The obstacle to talking to their teacher involves the fear of group discussions about their problems, which may have adverse effects”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingreasoningA loss of trust in friends and classmates was another feature of cyberbullying.
“A loss of trust in friends and classmates was another”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
FindingreasoningHaving Internet access appears to be a necessity of life for young people.
“Having Internet access appears to be a necessity of life”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataVictims are afraid of losing their Internet connection.
“Moreover, they are afraid of losing their Internet”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingnone givenYoung people consider one-time occurrences bearable and not directly a form of cyberbullying.
“According to the children, one-time occurrences would be bearable and not directly a form of cyberbullying”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenContextual and external factors shaping victims' interpretation of online interactions include the relationship with the sender or exogenous stressors such as school and family stressors.
“These include the relationship with the sender or exogenous stressors such as school and family stressors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone givenThe anonymity of the bully was one of the most frightening features of cyberbullying.
“The anonymity of the bully was one of the most frightening features.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThree conceptually rich studies were purposefully read and open-coded independently by two reviewers to ensure inter-coder reliability and validity in the coding process.
“Three conceptually rich studies were identified and these were purposefully read and open-coded independently by two reviewers (RD, CS) to ensure inter-coder reliability and validity in the coding process (Jacobs et al., 2015;Mishna et al., 2009;Nocentini et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationWhile there are commonalities between traditional bullying and cyberbullying, there are also factors unique to cyberbullying due to the complexity of the cyber world and the ambiguous nature of some interactions within it.
“These studies highlight that while there are commonalties between traditional bullying and cyberbullying, there are also a number of factors unique to cyberbullying due to the complexity of the cyber world and the ambiguous nature of some of the interactions which take place within it (Baas, de Jong, & Drossaert, 2013;Betts & Spenser, 2017;Jacobs, Goossens, Dehue, Völlink, & Lechner, 2015;Mishna,”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Baas, de Jong, & Drossaert, 2013
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- cites Betts & Spenser, 2017
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- cites Jacobs et al., 2015 source
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PremisecitationCyberbullying has emerged as an international public health concern.
“Amidst a rapid growth in information and communication technology (ICT), cyberbullying has emerged as an international public health concern (David-Ferdon & Hertz, 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites David-Ferdon & Hertz, 2007 source
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PremisecitationA synthesis of these qualitative studies has the potential to achieve greater conceptual understanding of cyberbullying from young people's perspective.
“A synthesis of these qualitative studies has the potential to achieve greater conceptual understanding of cyberbullying from young people's perspective (France et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites France et al., 2014 source
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Study design and conductown dataTwo reviewers independently screened study titles and abstracts.
“Second, using a screening strategy devised in line with the inclusion and exclusion criteria, two reviewers (RD, KW) independently screened study titles and abstracts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMeta-ethnography uses rigorous qualitative methods to synthesize existing qualitative studies and aims to produce novel interpretations that transcend individual study findings.
“Meta-ethnography uses rigorous qualitative methods to synthesize existing qualitative studies and aims to produce novel interpretations that transcend individual study findings; it is particularly suited to the development of conceptual models (France et al., 2019;France, Wells, Lang, & Williams, 2016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites France et al., 2019
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- cites France, Wells, Lang, & Williams, 2016
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PremisecitationAs 'digital natives' young people are experts in their technology-rich lives and can provide unique insight.
“As 'digital natives' young people are experts in their technology-rich lives and as such can provide unique insight (Bennett, Maton, & Kervin, 2008;Cross, Lester, Barnes, Cardoso, & Hadwen, 2015;Mishna & Van Wert, 2013;Peter & Petermann, 2018;Spears & Zeederberg, 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Bennett, Maton, & Kervin, 2008 source
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- cites Cross et al., 2015
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- cites Mishna & Van Wert, 2013
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PremisecitationCyberbullying reportedly has a stronger association with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation than traditional bullying.
“It is associated with anxiety, depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation, and reportedly has a stronger association with depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation than traditional bullying (Bottino, Bottino, Regina, Correia, & Ribeiro, 2015;Fahy et al., 2016;Hamm et al., 2015;John et al., 2018;Katsaras et al., 2018;Nixon, 2014;van Geel, Vedder, & Tanilon, 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe longstanding definition of traditional bullying has three basic components: intent to harm, repetition and a power imbalance between the victim and the perpetrator.
“The longstanding definition of traditional bullying has three basic components: intent to harm, repetition and a power imbalance between the victim and the perpetrator (Olweus, 1997).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Olweus, 1997 source
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PremisecitationDebate about the application of these criteria to cyberbullying is ongoing and the absence of consensus on the conceptualization and operation of the phenomenon has hindered efforts to understand and address it.
“Debate about the application of these criteria to cyberbullying is ongoing and the absence of consensus on the conceptualization and operation of the phenomenon has hindered efforts to understand and address it (Berne et al., 2013;Deschamps & McNutt, 2016;Dooley, Pyzalski, & Cross, 2009;Kota, Schoohs, Benson, & Moreno, 2014;Kowalski et al., 2014;Langos, 2012;Menesini & Nocentini, 2009;Peter & Pet”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Berne et al., 2013 source
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- cites Deschamps & McNutt, 2016
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- cites Dooley, Pyzalski, & Cross, 2009
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
PremisecitationDevelopment of appropriate interventions requires a thorough understanding of the nature of cyberbullying from the perspective of young people.
“Cyberbullying is a contemporary problem and adults do not have first-hand experience of being immersed in social media in their youth, therefore, the development of appropriate interventions requires a thorough understanding of the nature of cyberbullying from the perspective of young people (Craig et al., 2013;Michie, Stralen, & West, 2011;Spears, Slee, Campbell, & Cross, 2011;Spears, Taddeo, Dal”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationTwo reviewers independently appraised the quality of included studies using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist for qualitative research.
“Two reviewers (RD, SM) read and independently appraised the quality of included studies using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) checklist for qualitative research (CASP Qualitative Appraisal Checklist, 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites CASP Qualitative Appraisal Checklist, 2013
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Study design and conductnone givenDiscrepancies and indecisions at both screening stages were resolved through discussion between both reviewers and in consultation with two additional reviewers where needed.
“Discrepancies and indecisions at both stages were resolved through discussion between both reviewers and in consultation with two additional reviewers (SM, EA) where needed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationReviews highlight a need for targeted evidence-based prevention and intervention efforts for cyberbullying.
“reviews highlight a need for targeted evidencebased, prevention and intervention efforts (Della Cioppa, O'Neil, & Craig, 2015;Hutson, Kelly, & Militello, 2017;Mishna, Cook, Saini, Wu, & MacFadden, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Della Cioppa, O'Neil, & Craig, 2015
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- cites Hutson, Kelly, & Militello, 2017
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- cites Mishna, Cook, Saini, Wu, & MacFadden, 2010
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Study design and conductnone givenStudies were not excluded from the synthesis on the basis of the quality assessment.
“Studies were not excluded from the synthesis on the basis of the quality assessment but the process uncovered useful information about ethical procedures and methods of data collection and analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenTwo reviewers independently reviewed the full-texts of the remaining studies.
“Third, these reviewers independently reviewed the full-texts of the remaining studies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationEfforts to understand and address cyberbullying have been rooted in traditional anti-bullying methods and have lacked engagement with young people.
“The literature indicates that efforts to understand and address cyberbullying have been rooted in traditional anti-bullying methods and have lacked engagement with young people (Cross et al., 2015;Peter & Petermann, 2018;Smith, 2019;Spears & Zeederberg, 2013).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites Cross et al., 2015
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- cites Peter & Petermann, 2018
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- cites Smith, 2019
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Study design and conductcitationReporting of the review and synthesis is informed by the eMERGe guidance on improving the reporting of meta-ethnography.
“Reporting of the review and synthesis is informed by the eMERGe guidance on improving the reporting of meta-ethnography (France et al., 2019).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites France et al., 2019
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe significance of information and communication technology in young people's lives, and the complexity of the cyber world in which they connect, must be recognized.
“The significance of information and communication technology in young people's lives, and the complexity of the cyber world in which they connect, must be recognized.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
InterpretationreasoningAs a result of perceiving adults as oblivious and inept, young people often remained silent about cyberbullying.
“as a result, they often remained silent about cyberbullying.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationBrey's (2008) theory of the technological construction of power signals that power relations do not require intentionality but the exercise of power always does.
“Brey's (2008) theory of the technological construction of power signals that power relations do not require intentionality but the exercise of power always does.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Brey, 2008 source
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Interpretationnone givenIntentional cyberbullying is motivated by internal factors including jealousy and revenge and also by features of the cyber world that serve to empower perpetrators.
“Intentional cyberbullying is motivated by internal factors including jealousy and revenge and also by the features of the cyber world that serve to empower perpetrators.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThe multi-dimensional fear includes fear based on the nature of abusive content and commonly the anonymity of the perpetrator.
“Cyberbullying may generate a multi-dimensional experience of fear for its victims, including fear based on the nature of abusive content and commonly, the anonymity of the perpetrator; fear of public humiliation arising from the dissemination of negative content; fear of missing out or social isolation if one chooses to digitally disconnect; fear of possible negative consequences if one reports cy”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe top-down approach suggests that the two types of bullying differ only in the medium through which harm occurs and therefore does not account for the contextual impact of the cyber world.
“This suggests that the two types of bullying differ only in the medium through which harm occurs and, therefore, does not account for the contextual impact of the cyber world.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningFindings from this meta-ethnography reveal that the fundamental role of ICT in young people's lives, and the complexity and ambiguity of the cyber world in which they connect, cannot be disregarded.
“Findings from this metaethnography reveal that the fundamental role of ICT in young people's lives, and the complexity and ambiguity of the cyber world in which they connect, cannot be disregarded.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThis reluctance may influence power relations, increasing the capacity of perpetrators to sustain harassment without consequence while instilling a sense of powerlessness and lack of control in the victim.
“This may influence power relations increasing the capacity of perpetrators to sustain harassment without consequence while instilling a sense of powerlessness and lack of control in the victim.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIntentional harm is common to existing conceptualizations of cyberbullying and to the established definition of traditional bullying on which they are based.
“Intentional harm is common to existing conceptualizations of cyberbullying and to the established definition of traditional bullying on which they are based (Olweus, 1997;Peter & Petermann, 2018;Tokunaga, 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningThe prevalence and significance of technology in young people's lives can mean that cyberbullying is a risk to which many young people are exposed.
“The prevalence and significance of technology in young people's lives can mean that cyberbullying is a risk to which many young people are exposed.”
- Also stated in: § Line of Argument · hedged
“The prevalence and significance of technology in young people's lives can mean that cyberbullying is a risk to which many young people are exposed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Line of Argument · hedged
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe nature of the cyber world alters the distribution of power, and within cyberbullying power relations can be identified as fluid and changeable.
“The nature of the cyber world alters the distribution of power and within cyberbullying power relations can be identified as fluid and changeable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenFeatures such as anonymity, ambiguity, accessibility and public exposure are experienced as disempowering by victims and empowering by perpetrators.
“Features such as anonymity, ambiguity, accessibility and public exposure are experienced as disempowering by victims and empowering by perpetrators.”
- Also stated in: § Line of Argument · plain
“Features such as anonymity, ambiguity, accessibility and public exposure are experienced as disempowering by victims and empowering by perpetrators.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Line of Argument · plain
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationConsistent with previous studies, this meta-ethnography indicates that the unique features of cyber technology increase the severity of cyberbullying and may instill feelings of powerlessness and lack of control in victims.
“Consistent with previous studies, this meta-ethnography indicates that the unique features of cyber technology increase the severity of cyberbullying and may instill feelings of powerlessness and lack of control in victims (Dooley et al., 2009;Dredge, Gleeson, & de la Piedad Garcia, 2014;Langos, 2012;Nixon, 2014;Sticca & Perren, 2013;Tokunaga, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningNegative anticipation regarding the consequences of reporting cyberbullying to adults, such as an escalation of bullying or the restriction of ICT access, can deter victims from seeking help, thereby maintaining a cycle of victimization that in some instances spans the physical and cyber worlds.
“Further, negative anticipation regarding the consequences of reporting cyberbullying to adults, such as an escalation of bullying or the restriction of ICT access, can deter victims from seeking help, thereby, maintaining a cycle of victimization that in some instances spans the physical and cyber worlds.”
- Also stated in: § Acknowledgements · plain
“Further, negative anticipation regarding the consequences of reporting cyberbullying to adults, such as an escalation of bullying or the restriction of ICT access, can deter victims from seeking help, thereby, maintaining a cycle of victimization that in some instances spans the physical and cyber worlds.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § Acknowledgements · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationDebate regarding the presence of a power imbalance in cyberbullying is ongoing.
“Debate regarding the presence of a power imbalance in cyberbullying is ongoing (Peter & Petermann, 2018).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Peter & Petermann, 2018
Not checked in the free run.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningCyberbullying is highly complex in nature, characterized by a degree of ambiguity not seen within traditional conceptualizations of bullying.
“Cyberbullying is highly complex in nature, characterized by a degree of ambiguity not seen within traditional conceptualizations of bullying and by the intersection of a range of possible components, all of which do not have to be present for it to occur.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThis synthesis suggests that the features of the cyber world can empower perpetrators and disempower victims simultaneously and increase the severity of cyberbullying.
“This synthesis suggests that the features of the cyber world can empower perpetrators and disempower victims simultaneously and increase the severity of cyberbullying.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenA comprehensive search strategy was implemented to reduce the risk of omitting relevant studies.
“However, a comprehensive search strategy was implemented to reduce this risk.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductnone givenIn this study, the collaboration of a multidisciplinary team ensured multiple perspectives were considered.
“In this study the collaboration of a multidisciplinary team ensured multiple perspectives were considered.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRepetition is a well-established criterion for traditional bullying, but debate regarding its nature and importance in characterizing cyberbullying is ongoing.
“Repetition is a well-established criterion for traditional bullying, however, debate regarding its nature and importance in characterizing cyberbullying is ongoing (Dooley et al., 2009;Langos, 2012;Olweus, 1997;Tokunaga, 2010).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationEfforts were made to retain the nature and context of the original studies throughout data extraction, analysis and reporting.
“Efforts were made to retain the nature and context of the original studies throughout data extraction, analysis and reporting (Atkins et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Atkins et al., 2008 source
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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
PremisecitationIt is the right of young people to have a say in matters that affect them.
“It is the right of young people to have a say in matters that affect them (United Nations, 1989)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites United Nations, 1989
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Study design and conductreasoningA key strength of this review is the systematic and rigorous approach employed, including the critical appraisal of the included studies.
“A key strength of this review is the systematic and rigorous approach employed, including the critical appraisal of the included studies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe process of retrieving qualitative studies is a challenge due to inconsistencies in indexing, and therefore it is possible that a potentially relevant study was omitted.
“The process of retrieving qualitative studies is a challenge due to inconsistencies in indexing and, therefore, it is possible that a potentially relevant study was omitted (Shaw et al., 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Shaw et al., 2004
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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe conduct of ethical and meaningful research with young people is complicated by the power dynamic in the adult-child relationship, informed consent procedures, the context in which research takes place, and the presence of gatekeepers, particularly in the school setting.
“The conduct of ethical and meaningful research is complicated by the power dynamic in the adult-child relationship, informed consent procedures, the context in which research takes place, and the presence of gatekeepers, particularly in the school setting (Alderson & Morrow, 2011;Hill, 2006).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Alderson & Morrow, 2011
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- cites Hill, 2006 source
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InterpretationreasoningYoung people consider that if the recipient is negatively affected by the behaviour, then it constitutes cyberbullying, even though intent is important in their characterisation.
“Although intent is important in young people's characterisation they also consider that if the recipient is negatively affected by the behaviour, then it constitutes cyberbullying.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningSearches were conducted in education and social science databases, as well as those with a health focus, because cyberbullying research spans multiple disciplines.
“Cyberbullying research spans multiple disciplines, hence, searches were conducted in education and social science databases, as well as those with a health focus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenThis synthesis highlights the central role of ICT in young people's lives and how the complexity and ambiguity of the cyber world in which they connect cannot be disregarded.
“This synthesis draws from young people's contributions to develop a deeper insight into this phenomenon; it highlights the central role of ICT in young people's lives and how the complexity and ambiguity of the cyber world in which they connect, cannot be disregarded.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningThis enhanced the analysis of the included studies, contributing to a novel and in-depth interpretation of young people's perspective which highlights the nuances in their conceptualizations of cyberbullying.
“This enhanced the analysis of the included studies, contributing to a novel and indepth interpretation of young people's perspective which highlights the nuances in their conceptualizations of cyberbullying.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenPerpetrators' inability to witness the victim's reaction may diminish their empathetic response, potentially leading to more harshness in the cyber behaviors that contribute to either intentional or inadvertent harm.
“Perpetrators inability to witness the victim's reaction may diminish their empathetic response potentially leading to more harshness in the cyber behaviors that contribute to either intentional or inadvertent harm.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningThe contextual and conceptual thinness may be influenced by the constraints imposed on the reporting of qualitative research by many journals' restrictive word counts.
“As discussed above, this may be influenced by the constraints imposed on the reporting of qualitative research by many journals restrictive word counts.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Word limits imposed by journals may impede the reporting of qualitative research.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationPrevious research suggests that a victim's lack of control over the situation may be a core aspect in the evaluation of bullying severity.
“This echoes previous research which suggests that a victims lack of control over the situation may be a core aspect in the evaluation of bullying severity (Peter & Petermann, 2018;Sticca & Perren, 2013).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Peter & Petermann, 2018
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Sticca & Perren, 2013
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPeter and Petermann's understanding of victim perception is largely based on findings from qualitative studies with young people, one of which is included in this meta-ethnography.
“It should be noted that their understanding of this attribute is largely based on findings from qualitative studies with young people (Ševčíková, Šmahel, & Otavová, 2012;Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008), one of which is included in this meta-ethnography (Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Ševčíková, Šmahel, & Otavová, 2012
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Vandebosch & Van Cleemput, 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenSteps were taken to ensure reliability in the retrieval of studies, quality appraisal and analysis.
“Steps were taken to ensure reliability in the retrieval of studies, quality appraisal and analysis.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationFindings from this synthesis support the interpretation that the nature of repetition is altered in cyber space, where it can occur in the form of direct multiple attacks by the perpetrator and/or through the perpetrator's execution of an act in the public domain where one-time actions can have repetitive effects.
“However, they support the interpretation that the nature of repetition is altered in cyber space where it can occur in the form of direct multiple attacks by the perpetrator and/or through the perpetrators execution of an act in the public domain where one-time actions can have repetitive effects (Cassidy et al., 2013;Cuadrado-Gordillo & Fernández-Antelo, 2016;Langos, 2012;Peter & Petermann, 2018”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningIn the absence of consequence, behaviour is no longer restricted by social norms and regulations.
“In the absence of consequence behaviour is no longer restricted by social norms and regulations.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningReal cyberbullies with harmful intentions may use the ambiguity of cyberbullying to laugh away the seriousness of their actions.
“Real cyberbullies, with harmful intentions, may use this ambiguity to laugh away the seriousness of their actions”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenCyber technology is central to young people's social interactions.
“Cyber technology is central to young people's social interactions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenAdults are perceived as ignorant to the cyber world and are not trusted by young people to adequately deal with cyber issues.
“Adults are perceived as ignorant to the cyber world are not trusted by young people to adequately deal with cyber issues.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenAlthough perpetrators are often portrayed as anonymous, cyberbullying often takes place in known social groups, facilitated by anonymity.
“Although, perpetrators are often portrayed as anonymous, cyberbullying often takes places in known social groups, facilitated by anonymity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe database search was supplemented by a review of reference lists of included studies, contacting authors of conference abstracts and key authors in the field, and a hand-search of four key journals.
“The database search was supplemented by, a review of the reference lists of included studies, contacting authors of conference abstracts and key authors in the field, and a hand-search of four key journals: Computers in Human Behavior, Cyberpsychology Behavior and Social Networking, the Journal of Adolescence and the Journal of Adolescent Health.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningPublicity is significant because of the potential for reputational damage and public humiliation, although it is not essential in defining cyberbullying.
“Although not essential in defining cyberbullying, publicity is significant because of the potential for reputational damage and public humiliation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningYoung people are more likely to interpret intended jokes as forms of cyberbullying because they are afraid of losing their Internet connection.
“therefore are more likely to interpret intended jokes as forms of cyberbullying.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
This study reports the first meta-ethnography of young people's conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying.
“This study reports the first meta-ethnography of young people's conceptualizations of the nature of cyberbullying.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The omission of young people's perspective may lead to a misinterpretation of cyberbullying and subsequently to misguided prevention and intervention strategies.
“The omission of their perspective may lead to a misinterpretation of cyberbullying and subsequently to misguided prevention and intervention strategies.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Perpetrators of traditional bullying are often characterized as having a strong physique or as belonging to a powerful group.
“Perpetrators of traditional bullying are often characterized as having a strong physique or as belonging to a powerful group.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Power in the physical world is delineated by the physical, psychological, and social characteristics of perpetrators and victims.
“Power in the physical world is delineated by the physical, psychological, and social characteristics of perpetrators and victims but consistent with previous studies, findings suggest that in the cyber world the potential for anonymity, including the ability to assume a new persona, means that these characteristics are less relevant (Dooley et al., 2009;Langos, 2012;Thomas et al., 2015;Tokunaga, 2”
The paper relies on this without support.
Word limits imposed by journals may impede the reporting of qualitative research.
“While word limits imposed by journals may impede the reporting of qualitative research, nonetheless, consideration of these issues was poorly reported in some of the included studies and there was significant variation in the consent procedures employed.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Bullies choose victims based on their physical and social traits.
“However, if harassment is a way of gaining power and status among peers (Thornberg, 2011; Felmlee and Faris, 2016), and bullies choose victims based on their physical and social traits (Dennehy et al. 2020), then these traits are inseparable from the predominant values of the given socio-historical context.”
From “It’s just a joke”: gender, sexuality and trivialisation in adolescent online violence such as cyberhate, cyberbullying, and online grooming (2025) · cites this paper as Dennehy et al. 2020
Section 3.4.1 (Intent) reports that young people perceived cyberbullying victims as intentionally targeted because of physical and social characteristics, including appearance and popularity. The claim presents that perception as a general fact about bullies, rather than a finding about young people's views of cyberbullying. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredRegarding school policy and educational initiatives, using cyberaggression may offer language that more closely aligns with the online experiences of adolescents and help avoid misrepresenting the perspectives of young people in ways that could undermine intervention and prevention efforts.
“Regarding school policy and educational initiatives, using cyberaggression may offer language that more closely aligns with the online experiences of adolescents and help to avoid misrepresenting the perspectives of young people in ways that could undermine intervention and prevention efforts (94).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [94]
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMany young people refrain from reporting cyberbullying victimization due to fear of retaliation, escalation, or loss of digital connection.
“Consistent with previous research, many young people refrain from reporting cyberbullying victimization, due to fear of retaliation, escalation, or the loss of digital connection (94, 95).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [94]
All focus groups centered discussions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression within the context of social media.
“All focus groups centered discussions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression within the context of SM, echoing previous research stating that SM provides ample opportunities for cyber-based aggressions (59) and empowers perpetrators (94).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [94]
Social media provides ample opportunities for cyber-based aggressions and empowers perpetrators.
“echoing previous research stating that SM provides ample opportunities for cyber-based aggressions (59) and empowers perpetrators (94).”
From A thematic analysis of adolescents’ perceptions of cyberbullying and cyberaggression: definitional distinctions and educational gaps (2026) · cites this paper as [94]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
NVivo version differs between methods and reference
MinorThe methods say the analysis used NVivo 12, but the software reference identifies Version 11.
“The full-texts of included studies were imported to QSR's NVivo 12 Software to facilitate the qualitative analysis and synthesis (NVivo 12, 2016).”
“NVivo 12. (2016). NVivo qualitative data analysis Software. Version 11: QSR International Pty Ltd.”
Pelfrey and Weber study has conflicting publication years
MinorTable 1 dates the included study to 2013, whereas the paper's citations and reference list date it to 2014.
“| PELFREY & | 2013 | USA |”
“Pelfrey, W. V., Jr., & Weber, N. (2014).”
Betts study has conflicting publication years
MinorTable 1 dates the included Betts study to 2016, whereas the paper's citations and reference list date it to 2017.
“| BETTS ET AL. | 2016 | UK |”
“Betts, L. R., & Spenser, K. A. (2017).”
Cybermobbing title search is omitted from its Boolean combination
MinorThe search strategy lists S17 as a title search for cybermobbing, but the combination of cyberbullying terms skips S17.
“## TI Cybermobbing 18.”
“## S12 OR S13 OR S14 OR S15 OR S16 OR S18 20.”
Nocentini study has conflicting publication years
MinorTable 1 dates the included Nocentini study to 2012, whereas the cited study in the reference list is dated 2010.
“| NOCENTINI ET | 2012 | Italy, Spain & |”
“Nocentini, A., Calmaestra, J., Schultze-Krumbholz, A., Scheithauer, H., Ortega, R., & Menesini, E. (2010).”
Social-media title search is omitted from its Boolean combination
MinorThe search strategy lists S43 as a title search for social media, but the context combination skips S43 while listing S31 twice.
“TI "Social media" 44.”
“S31 OR S31 OR S32 OR S33 OR S34 OR S35 OR S36 OR S37 OR S38 OR S39 OR S40 OR S41 OR S42 OR S44 46.”
Abuse title search is omitted from its Boolean combination
MinorThe search strategy lists S28 as a title search for abuse, but the combination of general bullying terms skips S28.
“## TI Abuse 29.”
“## S20 OR S21 OR S22 OR S23 OR S24 OR S25 OR S26 OR S27 OR S29 Concept 3 Context of Bullying 31.”
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Flagged first, then by citations
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- Noyes, 2011, Chapter 5: Extracting qualitative evidence
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Systematic literature reviews in cyberbullying/cyber harassment: A tertiary study
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“…if harassment is a way of gaining power and status among peers (Thornberg, 2011; Felmlee and Faris, 2016), and bullies choose victims based on their physical and social traits (Dennehy et al. 2020), then these traits are inseparable from the predominant values of the given socio-historical context.”
Smith, E. J., Rai, R., Scase, M. O., & Wilson, A. D. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2026.1746672
“Consistent with previous research, many young people refrain from reporting cyberbullying victimization, due to fear of retaliation, escalation, or the loss of digital connection (94, 95).”
- Authors
- Dennehy, R., Meaney, S., Walsh, K. A., Sinnott, C., Cronin, M., & Arensman, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- University College Cork (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Dennehy, Rebecca
- Venue
- Aggression and Violent Behavior
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2020-03
- Volume
- 51
- Pages
- 101379
- ISSN
- 1359-1789 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3000329932
- Semantic Scholar
- 0dd568e541772313c7c4b0f48886a0763e8fac29
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 92
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 2.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Aggression and Violent Behavior (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Cork Open Research Archive (University College Cork, Ireland) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Arrow@dit (Dublin Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Apollo (University of Cambridge) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Apollo
- Funders
- University College Cork (SPHeRE/2013/1)
- Health Research Board
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection
- Keywords
- cyberbullying, youth perspectives, social media, anonymity, barriers to disclosure, intention, repetition, accessibility, youth voice, cyberbullying intervention
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-08.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-08.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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