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Identification of Bach2 as a B-cell-specific partner for small maf proteins that negatively regulate the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene 3′ enhancer
Open accessAbstract
Maf family transcription factors are important regulators in various differentiation systems. Putative Maf recognition elements (MAREs) are found in the 3' enhancer region of the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) gene. These elements are bound in B-cell extracts by a heterodimeric protein complex containing both Bach2 and a small Maf protein. Analysis of normal hematopoietic cells revealed that Bach2 is specifically expressed in B cells. Bach2 is abundantly expressed in the early stages of B-cell differentiation and turned off in terminally differentiated cells. Bach2 acts together with MafK as a negative effector of the IgH 3' enhancer and binds to the co-repressor SMRT (silencing mediator of retinoid and thyroid receptor). Hence the Bach2-small-Maf heterodimer may represent the first example of a B-cell lineage, and of a developmental stage-restricted negative effector of the MARE in the IgH 3' enhancer region.
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“The latter protein is a small bZip transcription factor that, depending upon its heterodimeric partner, can either repress or activate gene expression (Hintze et al., 2007; Igarashi and Sun, 2006; Muto et al., 1998; Ochiai et al., 2006; Zhang et al., 2006).”
From Influence of Metabolism on Epigenetics and Disease (2013) · cites this paper as Muto et al., 1998
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BackgroundA limited number of genes are involved in the differentiation of germinal center B cells
Nakayama, Y., Stabach, P. R., Maher, S. E., Mahajan, M. C., Masiar, P., Liao, C. L., Zhang, X., Ye, Z., Tuck, D. P., Bothwell, A. L. M., et al. (2006) · Journal of Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1002/jcb.20952 · Cited by 23
“…to centroblasts is the basic leucine zipper transcription factor 2, BACH2, a gene product which is a B-cell-specific partner for small v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog (Maf) proteins and negatively regulates the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene 30 enhancer [Muto et al., 1998].”
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“Numerous studies have demonstrated thatmature B cells and plasma cells havemutually exclusive expression profiles of these TFs, suggesting that these two cell types represent the two attractor states of the bistable-switch circuit (Barberis et al., 1990; Cattoretti et al., 1995; Johnson et al., 2005; Muto et al., 1998…”
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“It was also recognized from Nrf2 loss-of-function mice that NRF2 does not control lineage specification in hematopoiesis unlike other CNC family genes such as Nfe2p45 (Kuroha et al, 1998; Motohashi et al, 2010) or Bach2 (Muto et al, 1998).”
BackgroundCharge-state-distribution analysis of Bach2 intrinsically disordered heme binding region
Suenaga, T., Watanabe‐Matsui, M., Uejima, T., Shima, H., Matsui, T., Ikeda‐Saito, M., Shirouzu, M., Igarashi, K., & Murayama, K. (2016) · The Journal of Biochemistry · doi:10.1093/jb/mvw035 · Cited by 18
Self-citationCloning of a Coproporphyrinogen Oxidase Promoter Regulatory Element Binding Protein
Takahashi, S., Furuyama, K., Kobayashi, A., Taketani, S., Harigae, H., Yamamoto, M. P., Igarashi, K., Sasaki, T., & Hayashi, N. (2000) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1006/bbrc.2000.2991 · Cited by 18
Self-citationBach2 is involved in neuronal differentiation of N1E-115 neuroblastoma cells
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Self-citationThe structure of the Bach2 POZ-domain dimer reveals an intersubunit disulfide bond
Rosbrook, G. O., Stead, M., Carr, S. B., & Wright, S. C. (2011) · Acta Crystallographica Section D Biological Crystallography · doi:10.1107/s0907444911048335 · Cited by 15
“Bach1 and Bach2 interact with the small Maf (musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma) proteins via their leucine-zipper regions to form heterodimers that bind MARE (Maf recognition element) sequences within target genes (Oyake et al., 1996; Muto et al., 1998).”
BackgroundKikuchi, H., Nakayama, M., Kuribayashi, F., Imajoh‐Ohmi, S., Nishitoh, H., Takami, Y., & Nakayama, T. (2013) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.0413232 · Cited by 15
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“…factor family, including p45 NFE2 (nuclear factor erythroid lineage 2) [30]; NFE2-associated factors NFE2L1 (including its long isoforms NFE2L1 α /TCF11 and short isoforms NFE2L1 β /LCR-F1) [31–33], NRF2 [34], and NFE2L3 [35]; and the transcriptional repressors Bach1 [36] and Bach2 [37].”
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Bach2 in CD4+ T cells from SLE patients modulates B‐cell differentiation and IgG production
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Self-citationTranscription of Immunoglobulin Genes
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“NAMALWA is a BCR-ABL1 negative human B cell line (Muto et al., 1998).”
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“Bach1 and Bach2 share 38% homology, additionally containing the domains of Broad complex–Tramtrack–Bric-a-brac domain (BTB/POZ domain) at the N-terminus, and a cytoplasmic localization sequence (CLS) at the C-terminus (Hoshino et al., 2000; Kanezaki et al., 2001; Muto et al., 1998; Oyake et al., 1996).”
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Self-citationOxidative Stress and Respiratory Diseases: The Critical Role of Nrf2
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“[12,13] Furthermore, some lines of evidence have revealed its restrictive impacts on conventional CD4+ T cells and sustaining homeostasis of the immune system.”
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Thre role of Bach1 in ultraviolet-A mediated human heme oxygenase-1 gene regulation
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“Considering the inhibition of Th2 differentiation by Bach2 (26;27), it could also contribute to the suppression of the ILC2 fate.”
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Schraml, B. U. (2009) · Open Scholarship Institutional Repository (Washington University in St. Louis) · doi:10.7936/k7bg2m0c
“cells show a selective defect in germinal center B cell formation and a defect in CSR with normal plasma cell development (Muto et al., 1998).”
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Kellis, M., & Kheradpour, P. (2012) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)
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Regulation of B Cell Gene Expression and Function by Ikaros, Helios and Bcl6
Alinikula, J. (2010) · UTUPub (University of Turku)
Ma, J. (2008) · Rutgers University Community Repository (Rutgers University) · doi:10.7282/t3m045sk
“Bach2 (BTB and CNC homology 2) and Pax5 (Paired box protein 5), two transcription repressors, are expressed from pro-B cells to mature B cells but are either silenced or absent upon plasma cell differentiation (Barberis et al., 1990; Oyake et al., 1996; Muto et al., 1998).”
Backgroundvon Laffert, M., Hänel, M., Dietel, M., Anagnostopoulos, I., & Jöhrens, K. (2016) · Oncology Letters · doi:10.3892/ol.2016.4964
“Whereas BACH1 is expressed ubiquitously, BACH2 (mapped to chromosome 6q15) is primarily observed in neuronal cells and during specific stages of B cell differentiation (17-19).”
Ramkissoon, A. (2012) · TSpace (University of Toronto)
Genetic Studies of Immunological Diseases in Dogs and Humans
Bianchi, M. (2017) · Uppsala University Publications (Uppsala University)
Lipton, S. A. (2017) · Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature · doi:10.3410/f.726273509.793538961
NFE2L Regulation BY Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress
Bugno, M. (2015) · Carleton University's Institutional Repository (MacOdrum Library, Carleton University) · doi:10.22215/etd/2015-11159
Thomas, W. R., Baldoni, C., Lama, T. M., Zeng, Y., Corthals, A., von Elverfeldt, D., Nieland, J. D., Dechmann, D. K. N., & Dávalos, L. M. (2025) · BMC Biology · doi:10.1186/s12915-025-02420-7
“These transcriptional repressors play a crucial role in maintaining B cell identity [34, 37–40] and preventing premature differentiation into plasma cells [35, 36] by inhibiting key genes such as PRDM1 and XBP1 .”
InfluentialRoos‐Weil, D. (2018) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/1030cb13z12b8z4f7cz8f8az165206a6209a
Fillatreau, S. (2026) · Immunology Letters · doi:10.1016/j.imlet.2026.107239
Metadata
- Authors
- Muto, A., Hoshino, H., Madisen, L., Yanai, N., Obinata, M., Karasuyama, H., Hayashi, N., Nakauchi, H., Yamamoto, M., Groudine, M., & Igarashi, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Tsukuba (JP)
- Fred Hutch Cancer Center (US)
- Tohoku University (JP)
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Igarashi, Kazuhiko
- Venue
- The EMBO Journal
- Published
- 1998-10-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 19
- Pages
- 5734-5743
- ISSN
- 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2075
- PMC
- PMC1170901
- OpenAlex
- W2106931266
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 10 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 2.56
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Naito Foundation
- National Institutes of Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and B-cell Immunology
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Developmental Biology and Gene Regulation
- Keywords
- BACH2, MafK, immunoglobulin heavy chain genes, 3' enhancer, B cell differentiation, transcriptional repression, heterodimeric transcription factors
- MeSH terms
- B-Lymphocytes, Cell Differentiation, Cell Line, DNA-Binding Proteins, Enhancer Elements, Genetic, Gene Expression Regulation, Genes, Immunoglobulin, Hematopoietic Stem Cells, Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains, Nuclear Proteins, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Transcription Factors, Leucine Zippers, Response Elements, Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors, MafK Transcription Factor, Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-maf
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