Running: the risk of coronary events: prevalence and prognostic relevance of coronary atherosclerosis in marathon runners
Abstract
AIMS: To quantify the prevalence of coronary artery calcification (CAC) in relation to cardiovascular risk factors in marathon runners, and to study its role for myocardial damage and coronary events. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 108 apparently healthy male marathon runners aged >or=50 years, with >or=5 marathon competitions during the previous three years, the running history, Framingham risk score (FRS), CAC, and presence of myocardial late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) were measured. Control groups were matched by age (8:1) and FRS (2:1) from the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study. The FRS in marathon runners was lower than in age-matched controls (7 vs. 11%, P < 0.0001). However, the CAC distribution was similar in marathon runners and age-matched controls (median CAC: 36 vs. 38, P = 0.36) and higher in marathon runners than in FRS-matched controls (median CAC: 36 vs. 12, P = 0.02). CAC percentile values and number of marathons independently predicted the presence of LGE (prevalence = 12%) (P = 0.02 for both). During follow-up after 21.3 +/- 2.8 months, four runners with CAC >or= 100 experienced coronary events. Event-free survival was inversely related to CAC burden (P = 0.018). CONCLUSION: Conventional cardiovascular risk stratification underestimates the CAC burden in presumably healthy marathon runners. As CAC burden and frequent marathon running seem to correlate with subclinical myocardial damage, an increased awareness of a potentially higher than anticipated coronary risk is warranted.
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Previous studies reported a higher CAC burden in healthy marathon runners compared to risk-factor matched non-athletes.
“Previous studies have investigated the dose–response relationship between exercise and coronary artery disease and reported a higher CAC burden in healthy marathon runners compared to risk-factor matched non-athletes.2”
From Lifelong endurance exercise and its relation with coronary atherosclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
Studies differed in cardiovascular risk profiles in both athletes and controls.
“studies differed in cardiovascular risk profiles in both athletes and controls.”
From Lifelong endurance exercise and its relation with coronary atherosclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
Smoking history was a non-negligible confounder in the papers by Molhenkamp et al. and Aengevaeren et al.
“Smoking history was a non-negligible confounder in the papers by Molhenkamp et al. and Aengevaeren et al.2,4”
From Lifelong endurance exercise and its relation with coronary atherosclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
The final sample size of Master@Heart remains twice as large as that of previous studies.
“the final sample size of the Master@Heart study remains twice as large as that of previous studies.2–4”
From Lifelong endurance exercise and its relation with coronary atherosclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
None of the Master@Heart study participants was taking antihypertensive drugs or statins.
“none of the study participants was taking antihypertensive drugs or statins.2,4”
From Lifelong endurance exercise and its relation with coronary atherosclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
In Merghani et al. and Molhenkamp et al., athletes were mostly engaged in running, whilst the athletic population in Aengevaeren et al. was more diverse with 29% cyclists and 25% runners.
“In the paper by Merghani et al. and Molhenkamp et al., athletes were mostly engaged in running whilst the athletic population in the trial by Aengevaeren et al. was more diverse with 29% cyclists and 25% runners.2–4”
From Lifelong endurance exercise and its relation with coronary atherosclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
Some athletes and controls were on medical treatment in previous studies.
“some athletes and controls were on medical treatment in previous studies”
From Lifelong endurance exercise and its relation with coronary atherosclerosis (2023) · cites this paper as [2]
Middle-aged and older endurance athletes have increased prevalence of coronary artery disease on coronary computed tomography angiography compared with healthy controls, despite similarly low cardiovascular risk.
“Middle-aged and older endurance athletes have increased prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) on coronary computed tomography angiography compared with healthy controls, despite similarly low cardiovascular risk.”
Male masters athletes exhibit higher CAC scores and greater prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis on CCTA compared with age and atherosclerotic risk-matched controls.
“growing evidence suggests that male masters athletes exhibit higher CAC scores and greater prevalence of coronary atherosclerosis on CCTA compared with age and atherosclerotic risk-matched controls.4 20”
From Resting and exercise-induced occult hypertension and coronary atherosclerosis in male masters endurance athletes (2026) · cites this paper as [20]
Focal DGE was present in the myocardium of 12% of veteran runners who had completed a median of 20 marathons over almost 10 years.
“Mohlenkamp et al. 19 provided support for this premise by demonstrating focal DGE in the myocardium of 12% of veteran runners who had completed a median of 20 marathons over almost 10 years”
From Exercise-induced right ventricular dysfunction and structural remodelling in endurance athletes (2012) · cites this paper as [19]
The German study found marathon runners had significantly higher CAC scores compared to controls matched for both age and CVD risk factors.
“these athletes had significantly higher CAC scores when compared to controls (n=216) who were matched for both age and CVD risk factors 13”
From Relationship between lifelong exercise volume and coronary atherosclerosis in athletes. (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
A recent German study found no difference in CAC scores between marathon runners and age-matched controls.
“a recent German study found no difference in CAC scores between marathon runners (n=108) and agematched controls (n=864)”
From Relationship between lifelong exercise volume and coronary atherosclerosis in athletes. (2017) · cites this paper as [13]
Coronary artery calcification scores might be associated with the incidence of coronary events in athletes.
“CAC scores might be associated with the incidence of coronary events in this population.30,31”
From Exercise benefits in cardiovascular diseases: From mechanisms to clinical implementation (2023) · cites this paper as [31]
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“and Aengevaeren et al.(2,4) Similarly, some athletes and controls were on medical treatment in previous studies, whereas the Master@Heart study excluded all individuals with a history of arterial hypertension, smoking, dyslipidaemia, or diabetes mellitus.”
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- Authors
- Mohlenkamp, S., Lehmann, N., Breuckmann, F., Brocker-Preuss, M., Nassenstein, K., Halle, M., Budde, T., Mann, K., Barkhausen, J., Heusch, G., Jockel, K.-H., Erbel, R., & on behalf of the Marathon Study Investigators and the Heinz Nixdorf Recall Study Investigators
- Affiliations
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- West German Heart and Vascular Center Essen (DE)
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- Alfried Krupp Hospital (DE)
- Venue
- European Heart Journal
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-07-10
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 1903-1910
- ISSN
- 0195-668X (ISSN-L)
- 1522-9645
- OpenAlex
- W2146807074
- Cited by
- 487
- References
- 37
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 48 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 37 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 9.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Heart Journal (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Universitätsbibliographie, Universität Duisburg-Essen (submittedVersion)
- mediaTUM (Technical University of Munich) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Heinz Nixdorf Stiftung
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Effects of Exercise
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- marathon running, coronary artery calcification, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular risk stratification, late gadolinium enhancement, myocardial injury, coronary events, cardiovascular risk factors, event-free survival
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Calcinosis, Coronary Artery Disease, Diabetic Angiopathies, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Physical Endurance, Predictive Value of Tests, Risk Factors, Running, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Prevalence, Death, Sudden, Cardiac, Risk Assessment
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