Economic shocks, resilience, and male suicides in the Great Recession: cross-national analysis of 20 EU countries
Abstract
BACKGROUND: During the 2007-11 recessions in Europe, suicide increases were concentrated in men. Substantial differences across countries and over time remain unexplained. We investigated whether increases in unaffordable housing, household indebtedness or job loss can account for these population differences, as well as potential mitigating effects of alternative forms of social protection. METHODS: Multivariate statistical models were used to evaluate changes in suicide rates in 20 EU countries from 1981-2011. Models adjusted for pre-existing time trends and country-fixed effects. Interaction terms were used to evaluate modifying effects. RESULTS: Changes in levels of unaffordable housing had no effect on suicide rates (P = 0.32); in contrast, male suicide increases were significantly associated with each percentage point rise in male unemployment, by 0.94% (95% CI: 0.51-1.36%), and indebtedness, by 0.54% (95% CI: 0.02-1.06%). Spending on active labour market programmes (ALMP) (-0.26%, 95% CI: -0.08 to -0.45%) and high levels of social capital (-0.048%, 95% CI: -0.0096 to -0.087) moderated the unemployment-suicide association. There was no interaction of the volume of anti-depressant prescriptions (P = 0.51), monetary benefits to unemployed persons (P = 0.77) or total social protection spending per capita (P = 0.37). Active labour market programmes and social capital were estimated to have prevented ∼ 540 and ∼ 210 male suicides, respectively, arising from unemployment in the countries studied. CONCLUSION: Job losses were a critical determinant of variations in male suicide risks in Europe's recessions. Greater spending on ALMP and levels of social capital appeared to mitigate suicide risks.
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We considered the influence of an economic recession by identifying a fall in GDP, but this approach does not take into account differences in national responses to the recession, such as the implementation of austerity measures.
“Third, we considered the influence of an economic recession by identifying a fall in GDP. This approach does not take into account differences in national responses to the recession, such as the implementation of austerity measures (Reeves et al., 2015).”
From Social media use, economic recession and income inequality in relation to trends in youth suicide in high-income countries: a time trends analysis (2020) · cites this paper as Reeves et al., 2015
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Recessions are harmful to health
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- Authors
- Reeves, A., McKee, M., Gunnell, D., Chang, S.-S., Basu, S., Barr, B., & Stuckler, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- University of Bristol (GB)
- Venue
- European Journal of Public Health
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2014-10-06
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 404-409
- ISSN
- 1101-1262 (ISSN-L)
- 1464-360X
- OpenAlex
- W2108349167
- Cited by
- 166
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 16
- FWCI
- 18.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Journal of Public Health (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (publishedVersion)
- Archivio istituzionale della Ricerca - Bocconi (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (100709)
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (DRF-2009-02-12, NF-SI-0512-10068)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Employment and Welfare Studies
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Homicide, Infanticide, and Child Abuse
- Keywords
- male suicide, Great Recession, unemployment, household debt, job loss, economic shocks, active labour market programmes, social capital, social protection, antidepressant prescribing, suicide prevention, EU member states
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Europe, European Union, Humans, Male, Men, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Suicide, Unemployment, Resilience, Psychological, Economic Recession
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