Year-Long Physical Activity and Metabolic Syndrome in Older Japanese Adults: Cross-Sectional Data From the Nakanojo Study
Abstract
Background. We determined associations between habitual physical activity and metabolic syndrome in elderly persons. Methods. Pedometer/accelerometers measured step count and activity intensity on a 24-hour basis in 220 free-living Japanese persons 65–84 years old throughout an entire year. At year end, participants were screened for metabolic syndrome (modified criteria of National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III [NCEP-ATP III]). Results. Most individuals 65–74 years old who took >10,000 steps/d and/or spent >30 min/d of activity >3 metabolic equivalents (METs) had ≤2 metabolic syndrome diagnostic markers, as did those 75–84 years old with >8000 steps/d and/or >20 min/d at >3 METs. Multivariate-adjusted logistic regression analyses showed that the risk of metabolic syndrome was 4.3 (1.6–11.7) and 3.3 (1.3–8.8) times greater in the least active quartiles of participants (taking <4700 steps/d and spending <9 min/d at >3 METs, respectively) relative to the most active quartiles (taking >8500 steps/d and spending >24 min/d at >3 METs, respectively). Conclusions. The metabolic syndrome is less likely in elderly people taking >8000–10,000 steps/d, and reaching an intensity >3 METs for >20–30 min/d, relative to their sedentary peers.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A study of elderly persons found that those taking more than 8,000 to 10,000 steps a day and reaching an intensity greater than 3 METs for more than 20 to 30 minutes a day had a lower risk of metabolic syndrome.
“A study of elderly persons noted those who took more than 8-10,000 steps a day and reached an intensity of greater than 3 METs for more than 20-30 minutes a day had a lower risk of metabolic syndrome.”
From The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2025) · cites this paper as [76]
Cites
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944 · see citing works
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011 · see citing works
Physical Activity and Public Health in Older Adults
Nelson, M. E., Rejeski, W. J., Blair, S. N., Duncan, P. W., Judge, J. O., King, A. C., Macera, C. A., & Castaneda‐Sceppa, C. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.107.185650 · Cited by 2,991 · see citing works
NELSON, M. E., REJESKI, W. J., BLAIR, S. N., DUNCAN, P. W., JUDGE, J. O., KING, A. C., MACERA, C. A., & CASTANEDA-SCEPPA, C. (2007) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3180616aa2 · Cited by 2,089 · see citing works
Laaksonen, D. E., Lakka, H.-M., Salonen, J. T., Niskanen, L. K., Rauramaa, R., & Lakka, T. A. (2002) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.25.9.1612 · Cited by 657 · see citing works
Franks, P. W., Ekelund, U., Brage, S., Wong, M.-Y., & Wareham, N. J. (2004) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.27.5.1187 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Meteorology and the physical activity of the elderly: the Nakanojo Study
Togo, F., Watanabe, E., Park, H., Shephard, R. J., & Aoyagi, Y. (2005) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-005-0277-z · Cited by 175 · see citing works
Self-citationDo Different Dimensions of the Metabolic Syndrome Change Together Over Time?
Maison, P., Byrne, C. D., Hales, C. N., Day, N., & Wareham, N. J. (2001) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/diacare.24.10.1758 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
Erlichman, J., Kerbey, A. L., & James, W. P. T. (2002) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1046/j.1467-789x.2002.00078.x · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Sex, Age, Season, and Habitual Physical Activity of Older Japanese: The Nakanojo Study
Yasunaga, A., Togo, F., Watanabe, E., Park, H., Park, S., Shephard, R. J., & Aoyagi, Y. (2008) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.16.1.3 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Self-citationResistive Training Increases Insulin Action in Postmenopausal Women
Ryan, A. S., Pratley, R., Goldberg, A. P., & Elahi, D. (1996) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/51a.5.m199 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Yasunaga, A., Togo, F., Watanabe, E., Park, H., Shephard, R. J., & Aoyagi, Y. (2006) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.14.3.288 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Self-citationYoshiuchi, K., Nakahara, R., Kumano, H., Kuboki, T., Togo, F., Watanabe, E., Yasunaga, A., Park, H., Shephard, R. J., & Aoyagi, Y. (2006) · American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.jgp.0000200602.70504.9c · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationPark, H., Togo, F., Watanabe, E., Yasunaga, A., Park, S., Shephard, R. J., & Aoyagi, Y. (2006) · Osteoporosis International · doi:10.1007/s00198-006-0237-4 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Self-citationBlaum, C. S., West, N. A., & Haan, M. N. (2007) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/62.7.766 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Otiniano, M., Du, X.-L. L., Maldonado, M., Ray, L., & Markides, K. (2005) · The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences · doi:10.1093/gerona/60.4.466 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
How many steps/day are enough? For older adults and special populations
Tudor-Locke, C. E., Craig, C. L., Aoyagi, Y., Bell, R. C., Croteau, K. A., Bourdeaudhuij, I. D., Ewald, B. D., Gardner, A. W., Hatano, Y., Lutes, L. D., et al. (2011) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-8-80 · Cited by 1,080 · see citing works
Self-citationSedentary Activity Associated With Metabolic Syndrome Independent of Physical Activity
Bankoski, A., Harris, T. B., McClain, J. J., Brychta, R. J., Caserotti, P., Chen, K. Y., Berrigan, D., Troiano, R. P., & Koster, A. (2011) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc10-0987 · Cited by 535 · see citing works
Daily physical activity and type 2 diabetes: A review
Hamasaki, H. (2016) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v7.i12.243 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
Morita, E., Yokoyama, H., Imai, D., Takeda, R., Ota, A., Kawai, E., Hisada, T., Emoto, M., Suzuki, Y., & Okazaki, K. (2019) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu11040868 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Yearlong physical activity and sarcopenia in older adults: the Nakanojo Study
Park, H., Park, S., Shephard, R. J., & Aoyagi, Y. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1424-8 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Self-citationHabitual physical activity and health in the elderly: The Nakanojo Study
Aoyagi, Y., & Shephard, R. J. (2010) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2010.00589.x · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Self-citationHabitual Physical Activity and Physical Fitness in Older Japanese Adults: The Nakanojo Study
Aoyagi, Y., Park, H., Watanabe, E., Park, S. J., & Shephard, R. J. (2009) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000236326 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Self-citationPhysical exercise alleviates debilities of normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease
Archer, T. (2010) · Acta Neurologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01412.x · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Lifestyle modification in the management of the metabolic syndrome: achievements and challenges
Marchesini, G. (2010) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmsott.s13860 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Aoyagi, Y., & Shephard, R. J. (2009) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200939060-00001 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationLifestyle modification in the management of the metabolic syndrome: achievements and challenges
Marchesini, G. (2010) · Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity · doi:10.2147/dmso.s13860 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Aoyagi, Y., & Shephard, R. J. (2013) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2012.11.006 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Self-citationA comparison of subjective and objective measures of physical activity from the Newcastle 85+ study
Innerd, P., Catt, M., Collerton, J. C., Davies, K., Trenell, M. I., Kirkwood, T. B. L., & Jagger, C. (2015) · Age and Ageing · doi:10.1093/ageing/afv062 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
de Rooij, B. H., van der Berg, J. D., Kallen, C., Schram, M. T., Savelberg, H. H. C. M., Schaper, N. C., Dagnelie, P. C., Henry, R. M. A., Kroon, A. A., Stehouwer, C. D. A., et al. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0154358 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Yearlong physical activity and regional stiffness of arteries in older adults: the Nakanojo Study
Aoyagi, Y., Park, H., Kakiyama, T., Park, S., Yoshiuchi, K., & Shephard, R. J. (2010) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1357-2 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationSelf-Selected Walking Speed Is Predictive of Daily Ambulatory Activity in Older Adults
Middleton, A., Fulk, G. D., Beets, M. W., Herter, T. M., & Fritz, S. L. (2015) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2015-0104 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Amirfaiz, S., & Shahril, M. R. (2018) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2018.0032 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Aoyagi, Y., Park, H., Park, S., & Shephard, R. J. (2010) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-010-9588-6 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Self-citationPark, S. K., & Larson, J. L. (2013) · The Journal of Cardiovascular Nursing · doi:10.1097/jcn.0000000000000096 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationAoyagi, Y., & Shephard, R. J. (2011) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/11590530-000000000-00000 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationAntipsychotic treatments for the elderly: efficacy and safety of aripiprazole
Kohen, I. (2010) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s6411 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Huffman, K. M., Sun, J.-L., Thomas, L., Bales, C. W., Califf, R. M., Yates, T., Davies, M. J., Holman, R. R., McMurray, J. J. V., Bethel, M. A., et al. (2014) · Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.01.002 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Joseph, L. J., Prigeon, R. L., Blumenthal, J. B., Ryan, A. S., & Goldberg, A. P. (2011) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/glr093 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Miyazaki, R., Kotani, K., Ayabe, M., Tsuzaki, K., Shimada, J., Sakane, N., Takase, H., Ichikawa, H., Yonei, Y., & Ishii, K. (2012) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/j.1447-0594.2012.00952.x · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Peterson, M. J., Morey, M. C., Giuliani, C., Pieper, C. F., Evenson, K. R., Mercer, V. S., Visser, M., Brach, J. S., Kritchevsky, S. B., Goodpaster, B. H., et al. (2010) · Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders · doi:10.1089/met.2009.0090 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sagawa, N., Rockette‐Wagner, B., Azuma, K., Ueshima, H., Hisamatsu, T., Takamiya, T., El‐Saed, A., Miura, K., Kriska, A. M., & Sekikawa, A. M. (2019) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2019.09.007 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Aoyagi, Y., Park, H., Park, S. J., Yoshiuchi, K., Kikuchi, H., Kawakami, H., Morita, Y., Ono, A., & Shephard, R. J. (2010) · International Dairy Journal · doi:10.1016/j.idairyj.2010.03.007 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationHatta, A., Nishihira, & Higashiura (2013) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s46405 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Metabolic risks in older adults receiving second-generation antipsychotic medication
Brooks, J. O., Chang, H., & Krasnykh, O. (2009) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-009-0006-0 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Objective monitoring of physical activity in older adults: clinical and practical implications
Shephard, R., & Aoyagi, Y. (2010) · Physical Therapy Reviews · doi:10.1179/174328810x12814016178791 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationHornbuckle, L. M., Rauer, A., Winters‐Stone, K. M., Springer, C. M., Jones, C. S., & Toth, L. P. (2020) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-020-00912-6 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mizumoto, A., Ihira, H., Makino, K., Saitoh, S., Ohnishi, H., & Furuna, T. (2015) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-015-0034-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
The Impact of Physical Activity in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Bassin, S. R., & Srinath, R. (2025) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276231180541 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Stenbäck, V., Leppäluoto, J., Leskelä, N., Viitala, L., Vihriälä, E., Gagnon, D. D., Tulppo, M. P., & Herzig, K. (2021) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-021-97299-z · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Duncan, M. J., Minatto, G., & Wright, S. L. (2016) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.22884 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
The implementation of an IoT-based exercise improvement system
Kang, T.-C., Wen, C.-H., Guo, S.-W., Chang, W.-Y., & Chang, C. (2019) · The Journal of Supercomputing · doi:10.1007/s11227-019-02889-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Brown, J., Rosenkranz, R. R., Kolt, G. S., & Berentson‐Shaw, J. (2011) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.2.21788.39044 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yamamoto, N., Maruyama, K., Saito, I., Tomooka, K., Tanigawa, T., Kawamura, R., Takata, Y., & Osawa, H. (2023) · Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1265/ehpm.23-00110 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bang, E., Tanabe, K., Yokoyama, N., Chijiki, S., Tsuruzono, T., & Kuno, S. (2018) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-018-3812-4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Aoyagi, Y., Park, S. J., Cho, S., & Shephard, R. J. (2018) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.06.013 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationHirata, K., Iida, N., Kanda, A., Shoji, M., Yoshida, T., Yamada, Y., & Akagi, R. (2022) · Journal of PHYSIOLOGICAL ANTHROPOLOGY · doi:10.1186/s40101-022-00284-2 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Studies of physical activity in the Swedish population
Olsson, S. J. G. (2016) · KTH Publication Database DiVA (KTH Royal Institute of Technology) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kim, J. H., Kim, H. L., Battushig, B., & Yoo, J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0254141 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
CENDA, C. U., Benavides-Rodríguez, C. L., García, J. A. G., CENDA, C. U., O., J. A. F., CENDA, C. U., Diogo Rodrigues, B., CENDA, C. U., Jiménez, J. F. A., & CENDA, C. U. (2017) · Revista U D C A Actualidad & Divulgación Científica · doi:10.31910/rudca.v20.n2.2017.385 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Síndrome metabólico y actividad física en adultos mayores de la sierra ecuatoriana
Yunga, J. M. C., Cajamarca, A. J. C., Wong, S., & Torres, L. E. E. (2017) · Revista de Salud Pública · doi:10.15446/rsap.v19n6.60503 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
How Should Objectively Measured Physical Activity Data Be Used Analytically?
Aoyagi, Y., & Shephard, R. J. (2009) · Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews · doi:10.1097/jes.0b013e31819c2f7e · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationIbeneme, S. C., Mah, J., Omeje, C., Fortwengel, G., Nwosu, A. O., Irem, F. O., Ibeneme, G. C., Myezwa, H., & Nweke, M. (2024) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-024-05069-z · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Shephard, R., & Aoyagi, Y. (2014) · Current Cardiovascular Risk Reports · doi:10.1007/s12170-014-0387-4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationA History of Physical Activity Measurement in Epidemiology
Shephard, R. J. (2016) · Springer series on epidemiology and public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29577-0_2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationMelchiorri, G., Viero, V., Triossi, T., Bianchi, D., & Tancredi, V. (2020) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.32.243 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Aging, Physical Activity, and Health
Shephard, R. J. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803678-5.00008-4 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationNakakubo, S., Doi, T., Tsutsumimoto, K., Kiuchi, Y., Nishimoto, K., & Shimada, H. (2026) · Geriatrics and gerontology international/Geriatrics & gerontology international · doi:10.1111/ggi.70620 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Son, W.-H., Ha, M., & Park, T. (2024) · Physical Activity and Nutrition · doi:10.20463/pan.2024.0009 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Physical Activity and Optimal Health: The Challenge to Epidemiology
Shephard, R. J. (2016) · Springer series on epidemiology and public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29577-0_1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationBae, S., Ogawa, K., & Yamazaki, K. (2012) · 体力科學 · doi:10.7600/jspfsm.61.169 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Shephard, R. J. (2016) · Springer series on epidemiology and public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29577-0_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationOBSOLETE: Aging, Physical Activity, and Health
Shephard, R. J. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.02700-8 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationDose-Response Walking Activity and Physical Function in Older Adults
Dondzila, C. J., Gennuso, K. P., Swartz, A. M., Tarima, S. S., Lenz, E. K., Stein, S. S., Kohl, R. J., & Strath, S. J. (2015) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.23.2.194 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Examining Determinants of Metabolic Syndrome in People With Intellectual Disabilities
Lakhan, R., Nahar, V. K., Summers, L., & Sharma, M. (2020) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Hernandes, N. A., Probst, V. S., Silva, R. A. D., Jr., Januário, R. S. B., Pitta, F. D. O., & Teixeira, D. D. C. (2012) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · doi:10.1590/s1413-35552012005000055
New Perspectives on Activity/Disease Relationships Yielded by Objective Monitoring
Shephard, R. J. (2016) · Springer series on epidemiology and public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29577-0_8
Self-citationShephard, R. J. (2016) · Springer series on epidemiology and public health · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29577-0_10
Self-citationGero-Exercise Science: A Remedy for Rapid Aging
Park, H. (2019) · Exercise Science · doi:10.15857/ksep.2019.28.4.311
Self-citationHealth-Related Quality of Life and Habitual Physical Activity Among Older Japanese
Aoyagi, Y., & Shephard, R. J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-69909-7_3835-2
Self-citationKawada, S., Maeno, T., Yokoya, S., & Maeno, T. (2023) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.35.447
Health-Related Quality of Life and Habitual Physical Activity Among Older Japanese
Aoyagi, Y., & Shephard, R. J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-17299-1_3835
Self-citationPeiris, C. L., Taylor, N. F., & Verswijveren, S. J. J. M. (2024) · Journal of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1123/japa.2023-0275
Oh, S.-S. (2025) · Korean Journal of Leisure, Recreation & Park · doi:10.26446/kjlrp.2025.3.49.1.15
- Authors
- Park, S., Park, H., Togo, F., Watanabe, E., Yasunaga, A., Yoshiuchi, K., Shephard, R. J., & Aoyagi, Y.
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology: Series A
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2008-10-01
- Volume
- 63
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1119-1123
- ISSN
- 1079-5006 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-535X
- OpenAlex
- W2158155642
- Cited by
- 70
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 4.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Complementary and alternative medicine › Cardiovascular and exercise physiology
- Keywords
- physical activity, metabolic syndrome, older adults, step count, physical activity intensity, sedentary behavior, pedometer-measured activity, NCEP ATP III criteria
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Analysis of Variance, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Japan, Male, Motor Activity, Risk Factors, Prevalence, Chi-Square Distribution, Logistic Models, Metabolic Syndrome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review