The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 20 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: According to J. W. Rowe and R. L. Kahn (1997), successful aging is the combination of low probability of disease, high functioning, and active engagement with life. The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between active engagement with life and functioning in a convenience sample of community-dwelling adults aged 65 and older. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, 244 members of an organization for older adults were mailed a survey containing the Activity Checklist and the Social Support Inventory as measures of engagement with life and the SF-12 Health Survey as a measure of functioning. RESULTS: Hierarchical linear regression showed that maintenance of instrumental, social, and high-demand leisure activities was associated with higher physical health scores and maintenance of low-demand leisure activities was associated with lower physical health scores. Maintenance of low-demand leisure activities was associated with higher mental health scores. DISCUSSION: If changes in potentially modifiable risk factors such as activity are associated with the beginning of functional decline, early intervention may be possible before disability ensues, thus reducing the risk of disability and ultimately health care costs.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a cross-sectional survey of 244 community-dwelling older adults, maintenance of instrumental, social, and high-demand leisure activities was associated with better physical health, while low-demand leisure activities were associated with worse physical health but better mental health. Social support was not independently associated with functioning when activity variables were included.
Key findings
- The physical health model accounted for 30.2% of variance (*p* = .0001); activity and social support added 25.5% beyond controls. Male gender (β = .16, *p* = .013), instrumental activities (β = .19, *p* = .006), social activities (β = .30, *p* = .0001), and high-demand leisure activities (β = .30, *p* = .0001) were positively associated with physical health; low-demand leisure activities were negatively associated (β = −.19, *p* = .015).
- The mental health model accounted for 18.1% of variance (*p* = .0001); activity and social support added 14.7% beyond controls. Only maintenance of low-demand leisure activities was independently associated with higher mental health (β = .31, *p* = .0001).
- Social support was not associated with functioning in this study.
- Participants were primarily White (97.5%) and female (75%), with mean age 73 (*SD* = 5.3, range 65–89); 56.6% were married, 45% were college graduates, and 10.2% had incomes below $15,000.
Methods
- Cross-sectional mailed survey of 244 members of OASIS, an organization for older adults. Of 1,007 questionnaires mailed, 23 were undeliverable, leaving 984 as the denominator; 697 were returned (71% response rate). A social support measure was added midway through data collection, and analyses used the 244 participants who completed it and other measures.
- Measures included a 55-item Activity Checklist with instrumental, social, high-demand leisure, and low-demand leisure subscales; a 17-item Social Support Inventory assessing directive/nondirective and emotional/instrumental support; and the SF-12 Health Survey for physical and mental health functioning.
- Two hierarchical linear regression models used SF-12 physical and mental health subscales as dependent variables. Age, gender, income, and marital status were entered first as controls; activity and social support variables were entered second.
Limitations
- Stated: the sample was a random selection of members of an older adult organization but not representative of community-dwelling older adults; it was primarily White, well-educated, in good health, and high income, with few lower-income participants. Age was not associated with functioning, possibly due to the restricted, healthy sample.
- Stated: cross-sectional data confine the study to describing associations; the authors cannot determine whether activity engagement leads to better functioning or whether functioning influences activity levels.
- Evident: functioning was measured by mailed self-report SF-12 rather than a performance measure, and the social support measure was added midway through data collection, reducing the analytic sample to 244.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
15 Not checked yet · 15 Own result · 10 Own method · 6 Own interpretation · 2 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maintenance of instrumental (  ϭ .19,p ϭ .006),social (  ϭ .30,p ϭ .0001),and high-demand leisure (  ϭ .30,p ϭ .0001)activities was positively associated with physical health.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Participant Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Being male was associated with higher physical health scores (  ϭ .16,p ϭ .013).”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Participant Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maintenance of instrumental (  ϭ .19,p ϭ .006),social (  ϭ .30,p ϭ .0001),and high-demand leisure (  ϭ .30,p ϭ .0001)activities was positively associated with physical health.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Participant Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the regression model with mental health as the dependent variable, 18.1% of the variance was accounted for by the independent variables ( p ϭ .0001).”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Participant Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the model with physical health as the dependent variable, 30.2% of the variance in physical health was accounted for by the independent variables ( p ϭ .0001).”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Participant Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Social support was not associated with functioning in this study.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > D ISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maintenance of instrumental (  ϭ .19,p ϭ .006),social (  ϭ .30,p ϭ .0001),and high-demand leisure (  ϭ .30,p ϭ .0001)activities was positively associated with physical health.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Participant Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maintenance of low-demand leisure activities was negatively associated with physical health (  ϭ Ϫ .19,p ϭ .015).”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Participant Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age was not associated with functioning”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > D ISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Only maintenance of low-demand leisure activities (  ϭ .31,p ϭ .0001),however, was independently associated with increased mental health.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Participant Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Concurrent validity of the checklist with the Activity Card Sort was .90,.78,.82,and .72 for instrumental, social, low-demand leisure, and high-demand leisure activity subscales, respectively.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Measures
plaincorrelationaln = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Test-retest reliability, with a time interval of 74 days, was .95,.83,.91,and .88 for the instrumental, social, low-demand leisure, and high-demand leisure activity subscales, respectively.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Measures
plainn = 20- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Low-demand leisure activities may not relate positively to physical health, but they may be important for successful aging because of their effects on mental health.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > D ISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Our limited sample provides additional information about Rowe and Kahn's (1997) model of successful aging showing that engagement and functioning are related among older adults.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > D ISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rowe and Kahn's (1997)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Tests for multicollinearity showed that variance inflation factors ranged from 1.06 to 2.86, well below 10, the cutoff for potential multicollinearity (Myers, 1990).”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Data Analysis
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Myers, 1990
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Instrumental activities (sometimes called productive activities), such as housework or shopping, also have been associated with better health and function (Glass, Seeman, Herzog, Kahn, & Berkman, 1995;Horgas, Wilms, & Baltes, 1998).”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Glass, Seeman, Herzog, Kahn, & Berkman, 1995
- Not checked yetcites Horgas, Wilms, & Baltes, 1998
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our sample was a random selection of members of an older adult organization, but it is not representative of the population of community-dwelling older adults.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > D ISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Leisure activities that are physically demanding have been associated with better function for older adults (See-man et al., 1995;Simonsick et al., 1993).”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we had few lower income participants.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > D ISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“when engagement variables are considered together, activity may be more important for functioning than social support.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > D ISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Engaging in social activities has been associated with increased well being among communitydwelling older adults (Everard, 1999)”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Everard, 1999 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“What we have found in this study are potentially modifiable factors associated with functioning that could enhance successful aging.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > D ISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Activity is a potentially modifiable factor that can be changed by intervention.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Another limitation of this study is the cross-sectional data that confines us to describing associations.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > D ISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- It may state two separate claims as one. 10
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were primarily White (97.5%) and female (75%).”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Participant Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Both regression models testing the relationship of activity and social support to physical and mental health were significant.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Participant Characteristics
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were primarily White (97.5%) and female (75%).”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Participant Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants were well educated, with 45% being college graduates.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Participant Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean age was 73 ( SD ϭ 5.3, range ϭ 65-89)”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Participant Characteristics
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants also reported high income”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > D ISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ours was primarily a White, well-educated sample in good health.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > D ISCUSSION
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
In the paper
“Relative validity coefficients, measured with a known groups procedure, for the physical subscale ranged from .43 to .78 and for the mental subscale ranged from .93 to .98 in previous tests (Ware, Kosinski, & Keller, 1996).”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ware, Kosinski, & Keller, 1996
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants were randomly selected to include older adults in health promotion courses, in non-health-related courses, and in no courses.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Participants
plainn = 244- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“697 were returned for a response rate of 71%.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Participants
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Test-retest reliability with a 2-week time interval was .89for the physical subscale and .76 for the mental subscale (McHorney, Kosinski, & Ware, 1994).”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McHorney, Kosinski, & Ware, 1994
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cronbach's alphas were .83,.69,.88,and .93 for directive instrumental, nondirective instrumental, directive emotional, and nondirective emotional support, respectively.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Measures
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neither the bivariate correlation between the dependent variables ( Ϫ .025)nor the path between the dependent variables from the simultaneous model ( Ϫ .10)was significant.Thus, we chose to use two regression models.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our sample may have greater access to programs that offer the opportunity to engage in activities that could affect health.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > D ISCUSSION
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“age, gender, income, and marital status were included in the models as controls”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Data Analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Maintenance of social, leisure, and instrumental activities was associated with better functioning in terms of both physical and mental health, although low-demand leisure activities may differentially affect health.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > D ISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Rowe and Kahn (1997) proposed a model of successful aging comprising three components: avoidance of disability, maintenance of physical functioning, and active engagement with life.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rowe and Kahn (1997)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In their review of 81 studies, Uchino, Cacioppo and Kiecolt-Glaser (1996) found that social support was related to positive effects on the cardiovascular, endocrine, and immune systems.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Uchino, Cacioppo and Kiecolt-Glaser (1996) source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“which has been associated with better health (Guralnik & Simonsick, 1993).”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > D ISCUSSION
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Guralnik & Simonsick, 1993
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, less strenuous leisure activities, such as attending classes or volunteering, also have been associated with better functioning (Berkman et al., 1995;Herzog, Franks, Markus, & Holmberg, 1998) and survival (Glass, Mendes de Leon, Marottoli, & Berkman, 1999) among older adults.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Successful aging occurs at their intersection and is more than the absence of disease and maintenance of high functioning.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rowe and Kahn (1997)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Among older adults, emotional support has been associated with better physical functioning (Seeman et al., 1995) and reduced mortality risks (Penninx et al., 1997)”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Abstract
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Unger, Johnson, and Marks (1997) found that engagement in social activities was associated with increased physical function and predicted a slower decline in functional status over a 6-year period.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Unger, Johnson, and Marks (1997)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Even with the shortcomings of this study, if activity engagement is related to functioning in this group, we believe they would be related in the population.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > D ISCUSSION
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
In the paper
“According to Rowe and Kahn (1997), engagement with life includes activity and social support.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rowe and Kahn (1997)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Activity is a potentially modifiable factor that can be changed by intervention.
“What we have found in this study are potentially modifiable factors associated with functioning that could enhance successful aging.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The 244 participants who completed the social support measure are representative of the larger sample of respondents.
“A measure of perceived social support was added to the survey midway through data collection.Our analyses were conducted with the 244 participants who completed this and other measures.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Few studies have included both activity and social support, and none have included social, instrumental, and leisure activities together.
“Few researchers have included both activity and social support when examining the relationship between engagement with life and functioning in older adults, and to our knowledge no studies have included social, instrumental, and leisure activities together.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This relationship has been observed in previous studies and across different age groups (Everard et al., 2000; Bovier et al., 2004; Hawton et al., 2011).”
From Psychobiological Effects of Choral Singing on Affective State, Social Connectedness, and Stress: Influences of Singing Activity and Time Course (2018) · cites this paper as Everard et al., 2000
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated major: it would touch a result — a value a result rests on, reported and recomputed p-values on opposite sides of the significance level, two passages that conflict with no sign which is right, or a cited work retracted before this paper was published.
In the paper
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > D ISCUSSION
“Maintenance of social, leisure, and instrumental activities was associated with better functioning in terms of both physical and mental health, although low-demand leisure activities may differentially affect health.”
§ Relationship of Activity and Social Support to the Functional Health of Older Adults > Participant Characteristics
“Only maintenance of low-demand leisure activities (  ϭ .31,p ϭ .0001),however, was independently associated with increased mental health.”
Citations
Cites
WARE, J. E., KOSINSKI, M., & KELLER, S. D. (1996) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/00005650-199603000-00003 · Cited by 17,392
BERKMAN, L. F., & SYME, S. L. (1979) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112674 · Cited by 5,341
Rowe, J. W., & Kahn, R. L. (1997) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/37.4.433 · Cited by 4,347
Kahn, R. L. (1998) · Cited by 4,295
Baltes, P. B., & Baltes, M. M. (1990) · Successful Aging · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511665684.003 · Cited by 3,739
Classical and Modern Regression With Applications.
Steinhorst, R. K., & Myers, R. H. (1988) · Journal of the American Statistical Association · doi:10.2307/2288958 · Cited by 3,691
Aging, natural death, and the compression of morbidity
Fries, J. F. (1980) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm198007173030304 · Cited by 3,356
Verbrugge, L. M., & Jette, A. M. (1994) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/0277-9536(94)90294-1 · Cited by 3,310
Uchino, B. N., Cacioppo, J. T., & Kiecolt-Glaser, J. K. (1996) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.119.3.488 · Cited by 2,727
Positive Events and Social Supports as Buffers of Life Change Stress 1
Cohen, S., & Hoberman, H. M. (1983) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1983.tb02325.x · Cited by 2,675
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Berkman, 1992, Annals of Internal Medicine, 117, 1003, 10.1059/0003-4819-117-12-1003 · DOI
- 1996, Medical care, 32, 220
Cited by
Sorted by citations
User’s manual for the SF-12v2 health survey
Ware, J., Kosinski, M., Bowker, D., Gandek, B., Ware, J. E., & Turner‐Bowker, D. M. (2002) · Cited by 1,085
Participation in the Occupations of Everyday Life
Law, M. (2002) · American Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.5014/ajot.56.6.640 · Cited by 940
The Relation Between Everyday Activities and Successful Aging: A 6-Year Longitudinal Study
Menec, V. H. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/58.2.s74 · Cited by 825
A critical review of the literature on social and leisure activity and wellbeing in later life
ADAMS, K. B., LEIBBRANDT, S., & MOON, H. (2011) · Ageing and Society · doi:10.1017/s0144686x10001091 · Cited by 773
Fancourt, D., Aughterson, H., Finn, S., Walker, E., & Steptoe, A. (2021) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(20)30384-9 · Cited by 484
Metadata
- Authors
- Everard, K. M., Lach, H. W., Fisher, E. B., & Baum, M. C.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Everard, K. M.
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2000-07-01
- Volume
- 55
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- S208-S212
- ISSN
- 1079-5014 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-5368
- OpenAlex
- W2149121845
- Semantic Scholar
- 9400b138016de31b8b13c65bed3b08cf3de63854
- Cited by
- 437
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 36
- FWCI
- 5.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series B (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (2T32HL07456, T32HL007456)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- successful aging, older adults, leisure, social support, functional health, physical health, mental health, instrumental activities, community-dwelling older adults, disability risk, health care costs
- MeSH terms
- Activities of Daily Living, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Female, Humans, Leisure Activities, Life Style, Male, Mental Health, Social Support, Health Behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-09, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-09 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
