Longitudinal Trajectories in Guilford-Zimmerman Temperament Survey Data: Results From the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
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We examined developmental trends in personality traits over a 42-year time period by using data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study on Aging (N = 2,359; individuals aged 17-98), collected from 1958 to 2002. Hierarchical linear modeling analyses revealed cumulative mean-level changes averaging about 0.5 SD across adulthood. Scales related to extraversion showed distinct developmental patterns: General Activity declined from age 60 to 90; Restraint increased; Ascendance peaked around age 60; and Sociability declined slightly. Scales related to neuroticism showed curvilinear declines up to age 70 and increases thereafter. Scales related to agreeableness and openness changed little; Masculinity declined linearly. We found significant individual variability in change. Although intercepts differed, trajectories were similar for men and women. Attrition and death had no effect on slopes. This study highlights the use of lower order traits in providing a more nuanced picture of developmental change.
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Individual differences in neuroticism are relatively stable throughout adulthood and old age, though some individual differences in change exist.
“individual differences in this trait complex are relatively stable throughout adulthood and old age, although recent literature suggests that there are some individual differences in change in psychological distress”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Terracciano, McCrae, & Costa, 2006
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Personality Development in Adulthood and Old Age
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- Authors
- Terracciano, A., McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T.
- Affiliations
- National Institute on Aging (US)
- Corresponding author
- Terracciano, A.
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology Series B: Psychological Sciences and Social Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-03-01
- Volume
- 61
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- P108-P116
- ISSN
- 1079-5014 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-5368
- PMC
- PMC2754731
- OpenAlex
- W2171516436
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2023: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series B (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (Z99 AG999999)
- National Institute on Aging (ZIAAG000197, ZIAAG000183)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Ego Development and Educational Practices
- Keywords
- personality development, longitudinal personality change, temperament, extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness, openness to experience, masculinity, older adults, developmental trajectories, individual differences in change, Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Female, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Personality Inventory, Surveys and Questionnaires, Temperament
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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