Cited by 1,426Nursing care and researchIntergenerational Family Dynamics and CaregivingFamily Caregiving in Mental Illness

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Validation of a Caregiver Strain Index

Robinson, B. C.·1983·Journal of Gerontology

DOI 10.1093/geronj/38.3.344

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Abstract

This paper outlines the development of a Caregiver Strain Index (CSI) with a sample of spouses, family, friends, and neighbors, aged 22 to 83, who provided varying degrees of care to recently hospitalized hip surgery and heart patients aged 65 and over. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) for the 13-item CSI on 81 cases was .86. Evidence of construct validity was obtained in three areas: ex-patient characteristics; subjective perceptions of the care-taking relationship by caregivers; and emotional health of caregivers. These results indicate that the CSI is a brief, easily administered instrument which identified strain within our sample of informal care providers. Further development of the CSI is being undertaken for predicting specific caregiver populations at risk. This simple index might be usefully included in any interview or assessment package that examines intergenerational relations involving dependency and care.

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Crossref · 10.1093/geronj/38.3.344

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Background
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Method
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BackgroundMethod
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Method
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Background
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Method
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BackgroundMethod
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Method
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Method
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Method
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“Caregivers were eligible for the study if they: a) were the veteran’s spouse or partner, b) were the veteran’s primary family caregiver, c) had livedwith the veteran for at least 1 year, and d) exhibited at least a moderate level of caregiving strain (i.e. scored 7 or more on the Caregiver Strain Index (Robinson, 1983…”
BackgroundInfluential
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“This is a modiﬁed version of the Caregiver Strain Index (Robinson, 1983).”
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Method
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“Caregiver burden was measured using the 13-item Caregiver Strain Index [34] (score range: 0–13; a higher score means a higher caregiver burden).”
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Kaminishi, K. S., Safavi, R., & Hirsch, C. H. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67555-8_34 · Cited by 7
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Nielsen, M., Watter, K., Bohan, J. K., et al. (2023) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2022.2163292 · Cited by 6
“This involved Key Workers administering formal screening as part of an initial suite of evaluation measures for both clients and significant others, including the short form of the Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) (30) and the Caregivers Strain Index (CSI) (31).”
Method
Stress and depression levels of mothers who give care to children with Cerebral Palsy and Mental Retardation: A comparison study
Kavlak, E., Kara, G., Teki̇n, F., et al. (2018) · Pamukkale Medical Journal · doi:10.5505/ptd.2017.27676 · Cited by 6
“CSI was created by Robinson in 1983 to determine and define the difficulties faced during the caregiving process [9].”
Method
Concept and models for the study of caregiver burden
Loukissa, D. (1994) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2850.1994.tb00038.x · Cited by 6
Outcome Evaluation: An Essential Component for CNS Practice
Urden, L. D. (2001) · Clinical Nurse Specialist · doi:10.1097/00002800-200111000-00007 · Cited by 6
Strain in African American and White American Caregivers of Hospitalized Elderly
Bowman, K. F., Landefeld, C. S., Quinn, L., Palmer, R. M., Kowal, J., & Fortinsky, R. H. (1998) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027598205001 · Cited by 6
Nursing in Japan CAREGIVERS OF ELDERLY FAMILY MEMBERS WITH DEMENTIA
Suwa, S., Yuasa, M., & Noguchi, M. (1995) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/0098-9134-19950101-06 · Cited by 6
Acetabular osteolysis with cementless cups: a 5 to 7 year follow-up.
Rorabeck, C. H., Bourne, R. B., Mulliken, B. D., & Nayak, N. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 6
Effectiveness of a community-based rehabilitation programme following hip fracture: results from the Fracture in the Elderly Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation phase III (FEMuR III) randomised controlled trial
Williams, N. H., Busse, M. E., Cooper, R., Dodd, S. R., Dorkenoo, S., Doungsong, K., Edwards, R. T., Green, J., Hardwick, B., LEMMEY, A. B., et al. (2025) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2024-091603 · Cited by 6
“…(ANCOVA) with alpha of 5% and 90% power to detect a minimal clinically important difference on the NEADL scale of 2.4 [27], standard deviation (SD)=10 [28], R 2 of covariate=0.52 with 79% retention rate, based on the feasibility study data [10], 446 patientparticipants would need to be recruited."”
Influential
Psychometric properties of a Spanish version of the MM‐CGI‐SF in caregivers of people with dementia
Sánchez-Alcón, M., Sosa-Cordobés, E., Garrido-Fernández, A., Sánchez-Ramos, J., & Ramos-Pichardo, J. D. (2023) · Journal of The American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.18623 · Cited by 6
Association Between Caregiver Strain and Emergency Health Care Resource Utilization in Survivors of Critical Illness
Docherty, C., Shaw, M., Chim, C. Y., MacTavish, P., Devine, H., O’Brien, P. C., Lucie, P., Hogg, L., Strachan, L. M., Quasim, T., et al. (2024) · CHEST Journal · doi:10.1016/j.chest.2024.08.057 · Cited by 5
Validation of the caregiver oncology quality of life questionnaire in Portuguese caregivers of myeloma patients
Pereira, M. G., Vilaça, M., Pereira, M., Bacalhau, R., Monteiro, S. O. M., Fernandes, B., Faria, S., & Ferreira, G. (2019) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951519000476 · Cited by 5
“According to a recent systematic review (Michels et al., 2016), the SF-36 (Ware & Sherbourne, 1992) was the most widely used generic instrument in the evaluation of caregivers in a palliative context, while the most used specific instruments were: the Caregiver Reaction Assessment (CRA; Given et al., 1992), the Caregi…”
BackgroundMethod
The perceived burden of care among caregivers of survivors of cerebrovascular accident following discharge from a private rehabilitation unit.
Serfontein, L., Visser, M., van Schalkwyk, M., et al. (2019) · South African Journal of Occupational Therapy · doi:10.17159/2310-3833/2019/vol49n2a5 · Cited by 5
“Therefore, for the purpose of this study, the authors used the interpretation guide of the CSI 47 to inform the interpretation of the MCSI results, and proposed that a score of 14 or higher (out of 26) was an indicator of high burden of care.”
Validity and Reliability of the Caregiver Strain Index Scale in Women during the Puerperium in Spain
Feligreras-Alcalá, D., Cazalilla-López, M. D. P., del-Pino-Casado, R., & Frías-Osuna, A. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073602 · Cited by 6
“Both in the original validation of the CSI [27] and in the validation of the CSI in our country [31], test–retest reliability was not calculated.”
BackgroundMethod
Prevalence and Determinants of Stress of Informal Caregiving
Fasiku, M. M., Akande, O. W., Bolarinwa, O. A., & Akande, T. M. (2022) · Nigerian Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.4103/npmj.npmj_700_21 · Cited by 5
A Study to Measure Caregiver Stress in Stroke Patients using Caregiver Strain Index
Matolia, R. R., Anandwala, K., & Verma, N. (2022) · International Journal of Health Sciences and Research · doi:10.52403/ijhsr.20220432 · Cited by 5
“[15] Studies done on caregivers of patients with stroke have also recommended the CSI as the instrument of choice for assessing the burden of informal caregivers.”
Background
Multicomponent Prehabilitation as a Novel Strategy for Preventing Delirium in Older Chronic Limb Threatening Ischemia Patients: A Study Protocol
Meulenbroek, A. L., Faes, M. C., van Mil, S. R., Buimer, M. G., de Groot, H. G., Veen, E. J., Ho, G. H., Winter, L. J. B.-D., Vries, J. D., van Gorkom, R., et al. (2022) · Clinical Interventions in Aging · doi:10.2147/cia.s357812 · Cited by 5
“The patient’s informal caregiver will be asked to complete the “Caregiver Strain Index Questionnaires”.(35) The questionnaires will only be used in the prehabilitation group.”
Method
Antidepressant Effects of a Multimodal Group Therapy Program for Mild Dementia: A Retrospective Evaluation of Clinical Routine Data
Bartels, C., Abdel‐Hamid, M., Wiltfang, J., Schneider, A., & Belz, M. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220578 · Cited by 5
Assessment of caregiver burden prior to implantation of left ventricular assist device: A national survey
Baird, A. S., Thompson, J. S., Fitzgerald, M. D., et al. (2023) · The Journal of Heart and Lung Transplantation · doi:10.1016/j.healun.2023.02.1501 · Cited by 5
The effects of a psychomotor activation programme for use in groups of cognitively impaired people in homes for the elderly
Boey (1999) · Pure Amsterdam UMC · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199908)14:8 · Cited by 95
Untitled work
Sachdev (1999) · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1166(199905)14:5

Authors: Robinson, B. C.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author: Robinson, B. C.
Venue: Journal of Gerontology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1983-05-01
Volume: 38
Issue: 3
Pages: 344-348
ISSN: 0022-1422 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/geronj/38.3.344
OpenAlex: W2128077231
Cited by: 1,426
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 41 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 55
FWCI: 24.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Gerontology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Nursing care and research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
Keywords: Caregiver Strain Index, caregiver burden, informal caregivers, family caregivers, spouses, cardiac surgery patients, older adults, intergenerational dependency, scale validation, construct validity
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Attitude to Health, Home Nursing, Humans, Life Style, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological

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Validation of a Caregiver Strain Index

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