Cited by 1,426Nursing care and researchIntergenerational Family Dynamics and CaregivingFamily Caregiving in Mental Illness

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Validation of a Caregiver Strain Index

Robinson, B. C.·1983·Journal of Gerontology

DOI 10.1093/geronj/38.3.344

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Abstract

This paper outlines the development of a Caregiver Strain Index (CSI) with a sample of spouses, family, friends, and neighbors, aged 22 to 83, who provided varying degrees of care to recently hospitalized hip surgery and heart patients aged 65 and over. Internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha) for the 13-item CSI on 81 cases was .86. Evidence of construct validity was obtained in three areas: ex-patient characteristics; subjective perceptions of the care-taking relationship by caregivers; and emotional health of caregivers. These results indicate that the CSI is a brief, easily administered instrument which identified strain within our sample of informal care providers. Further development of the CSI is being undertaken for predicting specific caregiver populations at risk. This simple index might be usefully included in any interview or assessment package that examines intergenerational relations involving dependency and care.

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Items 601–700 of 998

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“The 13-item CSI generates an overall caregiving strain score (range 0 to 13) and has good internal consistency (r = .86) (Robinson, 1983).”
Background
Evaluation of a Medical and Mental Health Unit compared with standard care for older people whose emergency admission to an acute general hospital is complicated by concurrent 'confusion': a controlled clinical trial. Acronym: TEAM: Trial of an Elderly Acute care Medical and mental health unit
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Higher Levels of Caregiver Strain Perceived by Indian Mothers of Children and Young Adults with Cerebral Palsy Who have Limited Self-Mobility
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MethodInfluential
Determinants of Receiving Palliative Care and Ventilator Withdrawal Among Patients With Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation*
Chen, Y., Fan, H., Curtis, J. R., Lee, O. K., Liu, C.-K., & Huang, S. (2017) · Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1097/ccm.0000000000002569 · Cited by 24
“Assessment of Main Family Caregiver Caregiver burden assessment was adopted from multiple references (21, 22) according to previous literature (23) and a Taiwanese Master thesis (24).”
Method
Positive aspects of care in informal caregivers of community‐dwelling dementia patients
Ribeiro, Ó. M., Brandão, D., Oliveira, A. F., Teixeira, L., & Paúl, C. (2019) · Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/jpm.12582 · Cited by 26
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“761 Patient depression by Geriatric Depression Scale: GDS (%) 18 (31) 10 (18) 0.”
Method
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BackgroundMethod
Depression as a Mediator: Viewing Caregiver Well-Being and Strain in a Different Light
Berg‐Weger, M., Rubio, D. M., & Tebb, S. S. (2000) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1606/1044-3894.1010 · Cited by 25
“Reliability has been reported as .86 (Robinson, 1983) and .74 (Berg-Weger et al., 1999).”
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Assessing Social Function in the Elderly
Kane, R. A. (1987) · Clinics in Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-0690(18)30828-0 · Cited by 25
An abbreviated German version of the Sense of Competence Questionnaire among informal caregivers of relatives who had a stroke: development and validation
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“The Caregiver Strain Index (CSI; Robinson 1983) is a 13-item questionnaire which measures the strain related to providing care.”
Background
Early palliative interventions for improving outcomes in people with a primary malignant brain tumour and their carers
Byrne, A., Torrens‐Burton, A., Sivell, S., Moraes, F. Y., Bulbeck, H., Bernstein, M., Nelson, A., & Fielding, H. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013440.pub2 · Cited by 34
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Assessment of the psychosocial impacts of cochlear implants on adult recipients and their partners
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Method
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“A total score above seven indicate that that the caregiver is strained (Robinson 1983).”
Background
The generalizability of Caregiver Strain Index in family caregivers of cancer patients
Chen, M., & Hu, L.-C. (2002) · International Journal of Nursing Studies · doi:10.1016/s0020-7489(02)00021-4 · Cited by 24
“As an attempt towards developing a simple and quick tool for identifying subjective burden among caregivers of cancer patients, we have adapted the Caregiver Strain Index (CSI), originally developed by Robinson (1983) to identify strain among family caregivers of hospitalized hip and heart surgery patients, aged 65 an…”
Method
Perspectives on epilepsy in people with intellectual disabilities: comparison of family carer, staff carer and clinician score profiles on the Glasgow Epilepsy Outcome Scale (GEOS)
Espie, C. A., Watkins, J., Duncan, R., et al. (2003) · Seizure · doi:10.1016/s1059-1311(02)00265-0 · Cited by 24
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Respite Services for Caregivers
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Background
Patient outcomes used by advanced practice psychiatric nurses to evaluate effectiveness of practice
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Mixed‐Methods Study Identifying Key Intervention Targets to Improve Participation in Daily Living Activities in Primary Sjögren's Syndrome Patients
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“We asked HCPs to specify which professional group they belonged to and complete a measure of caregiver strain (31).”
Background
Challenges of caregiving to neurological patients
Ransmayr, G. N. (2021) · Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift · doi:10.1007/s10354-021-00844-8 · Cited by 25
Developing a multidisciplinary rehabilitation package following hip fracture and testing in a randomised feasibility study: Fracture in the Elderly Multidisciplinary Rehabilitation (FEMuR)
Williams, N. H., Roberts, J. L., Din, N., Charles, J. M., Totton, N., Williams, M. D., Mawdesley, K., Hawkes, C., Morrison, V. L., LEMMEY, A. B., et al. (2017) · Health Technology Assessment · doi:10.3310/hta21440 · Cited by 25
The dimensionality of fatigue in Parkinson’s disease
Chong, R. K. Y., Albor, L. C., Wakade, C. G., et al. (2018) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-018-1554-z · Cited by 23
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Predictors of sleep disturbances in caregivers of patients with advanced cancer receiving home palliative care: A descriptive cross-sectional study
Valero-Cantero, I., Wärnberǵ, J., Carrión‐Velasco, Y., Martínez-Valero, F. J., Casals, C., & Vázquez‐Sánchez, M. Á. (2021) · European Journal of Oncology Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.ejon.2021.101907 · Cited by 26
Domiciliary chemotherapy with gemcitabine is safe and acceptable to advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients: results of a feasibility study
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“…the Nottingham Health Profile (Hunt et al, 1993), an extensively validated, concise measure of subjective health status; the GHQ-28 (Goldberg and Hillier, 1979), a widely used measure of psychiatric disturbance and the Caregiver Strain Index (Robinson, 1983), a measure of the impact of caring.”
Method
Assessing the Reliability, Validity, and Sensitivity of Nursing Outcomes Classification in Home Care Settings
Keenan, G. M., Stocker, J., Barkauskas, V. H., Johnson, M. R., Maas, M., Moorhead, S. A., & Reed, D. (2003) · Journal of Nursing Measurement · doi:10.1891/jnum.11.2.135.57285 · Cited by 23
Family caregivers and caregiving in dementia
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The impact of sex and gender on burden for caregivers of stroke patients: A narrative review
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Priya, S. S., Shavi, G. R., Sanga, R., Shankar, S., Lalithambigai, G., Rahila, C., & Santhakumari, S. (2021) · Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics · doi:10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_309_19 · Cited by 22
Multi-Modal Examination of Psychological and Interpersonal Distinctions Among MPI Coping Clusters: A Preliminary Study
Junghaenel, D. U., Keefe, F. J., & Broderick, J. E. (2009) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2009.06.006 · Cited by 22
“Partner ratings of relationship satisfaction corroborated this finding (t(41) = 2.”
Result
Cost Effectiveness of Treatments for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Ginsberg, G. M., & Lowe, S. (2002) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.2165/00019053-200220060-00002 · Cited by 22
Untangling the Complexity of Connected Health Evaluations
O’Leary, P., Carroll, N., Clarke, P. M., & Richardson, I. (2015) · IEEE International Conference on Healthcare Informatics (ICHI) · doi:10.1109/ichi.2015.39 · Cited by 23
“This transition to long term care was very relevant to the ARCH sample population, therefore for pre- and post- deployment, ARCH are using indicator to measure depression and caregiver stress: • Carer Experience Scale (CES) [44] • Caregiver Strain Index (CSI) [45] • Health-related Quality of Life (SF-12) [42] • Neurop…”
Method
Influence of Gender and Care Strategy in Family Caregivers´ Strain: A Cross‐Sectional Study
Mejía, R. M. C., & Arias, E. R. (2016) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12256 · Cited by 29
Feasibility Testing and Refinement of a Supportive Educational Intervention for Carers of Patients with High-Grade Glioma — a Pilot Study
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“To verify whether the patients’ behavioural estimation given by the caregivers in the ApD was influenced by the level of their clinical burden and/or psychological stress in assisting the patient, we performed correlational analyses between AD patients’ ApD total scores and the scores obtained by the caregivers on the…”
Influential
Health outcome and quality-of-life measurements in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
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Burden and anticipatory grief in caregivers of family members with Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
Pérez-González, A., Vilajoana-Celaya, J., & Guàrdia-Olmos, J. (2023) · Palliative & Supportive Care · doi:10.1017/s1478951523001360 · Cited by 12
“Regarding caregiver burden and strain, the scores of the CSI show Additionally, the responses given by the participants for each of the scales have been assessed in relation to the responses for the rest of the scales.”
Influential
Behavioural Activation Therapy for Depression after Stroke (BEADS): a study protocol for a feasibility randomised controlled pilot trial of a psychological intervention for post-stroke depression
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“Carer Strain Index (carer-rated level of strain) [58]”
Background
Years of caregiving for chronically ill and disabled family members is not associated with telomere length in the Philippines
Rej, P. H., Tennyson, R. L., Lee, N. R., & Eisenberg, D. T. A. (2019) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.01.019 · Cited by 21
Patient and caregiver outcomes with levodopa-carbidopa intestinal gel in advanced Parkinson’s disease
Valldeoriola, F., Catalán, M. J., Sevilla, F. E., Freire, E., Olivares, J., Cubo, E., Santos‐García, D., Calopa, M., Martínez‐Martín, P., Parra, J. C., et al. (2021) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-021-00246-y · Cited by 24
Prevalence and risk factors of burden among caregivers of older emergency department patients
Zaalberg, T., Barten, D. G., Heugten, C. M. V., Klijnsma, P., Knarren, L. H. H., Hiemstra, Y., Kurvers, R. A. J., Lekx, A. W., Mooijaart, S. P., & Janssen-Heijnen, M. L. G. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-31750-1 · Cited by 23
Caring for Others, but Not Themselves: Implications for Health Care Interventions in Women with Cardiovascular Disease
DiGiacomo, M. L., Davidson, P. M., Zecchin, R. P., Lamb, K., & Daly, J. (2011) · Nursing Research and Practice · doi:10.1155/2011/376020 · Cited by 21
“In addition, there is commonly an emphasis on the negative impacts of caregiving, as reflected in instruments such as the Caregiver Strain Index [29], so there is a need to develop better ways to conceptualise the construct, and to do so, we need to obtain women’s perspectives.”
Background
Early discharge to therapy-based rehabilitation at home in patients with stroke: a systematic review
Winkel, A., Ekdahl, C. S., & Gard, G. E. (2008) · Physical Therapy Reviews · doi:10.1179/174328808x252091 · Cited by 21
Determinants of geriatric patients’ quality of life after stroke rehabilitation
Buijck, B., Zuidema, S. U., Eijk, M. S., et al. (2014) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2014.899969 · Cited by 21
“The burden of informal caregivers was assessed with the Caregiver Strain Index (CSI), which can be used in caregivers of any age who have assumed the role of caregiver for an older adult (Ilse, Feys, de Wit, Putman, & de Weerdt, 2008; Robinson, 1983).”
Method
Effects of the caregiver burden perceived by caregivers of patients with neurological disorders on caregiver wellbeing and caregiver stress
Tuncay, F. Ö., & Fertelli, T. K. (2019) · Perspectives In Psychiatric Care · doi:10.1111/ppc.12405 · Cited by 21
Factors associated with quality of life and caregiver strain amongst frail older adults referred to a community rehabilitation service: implications for service delivery
Comans, T. A., Currin, M. L., Brauer, S., & Haines, T. P. (2010) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2010.525288 · Cited by 20
“For the caregivers, 10 respondents (22%) scored 8 or over on the CSI indicating high levels of strain [20].”
Exploring Strain in Community and Nursing Home Family Caregivers
Bowman, K. F., Mukherjee, S., & Fortinsky, R. H. (1998) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/073346489801700306 · Cited by 21
ELDERLY SPOUSAL CAREGIVERS: Knowledge of Cancer Care, Perceptions of Preparedness, and Coping Strategies
Rusinak, R., & Murphy, J. F. (1995) · Journal of Gerontological Nursing · doi:10.3928/0098-9134-19950301-07 · Cited by 21
Psychoeducation for caregivers of patients with chronic mood disorders
Heru, A. M., Ryan, C. E., & Madrid, H. (2005) · Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic · doi:10.1521/bumc.2005.69.4.331 · Cited by 22
“The Caregiver Strain scale (CSI; Robinson, 1983) and visual analogue scales measured Heru et al.”
Method
Effectiveness of rehabilitation for multiple sclerosis
ko, C. K. (1999) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1191/026921599669648143 · Cited by 21
Caregiver-mediated exercises for improving outcomes after stroke
Vloothuis, J. D. M., van Wegen, E. E. H., Veerbeek, J. M., Konijnenbelt, M. H., Visser‐Meily, J. M. A., & Kwakkel, G. (2014) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011058 · Cited by 21
Preliminary Evidence for the Validity and Reliability of the Caregiver Reaction Scale
O'Malley, K., & Qualls, S. (2017) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2016.1198858 · Cited by 20
“For example, the most commonly used measures assess the financial, social, and emotional impacts of caregiving (e.g., Caregiver Strain Index, CSI, Robinson, 1983; Caregiver Burden Interview, CBI, Novak & Guest, 1989; Zarit Burden Interview, ZBI, Zarit, Orr, & Zarit, 1985) and often overlook the…”
Method
Caregiver strain on informal caregivers when providing care for older patients undergoing major abdominal surgery: a longitudinal prospective cohort study
Janssen, T., Lodder, P., de Vries, J., Lepper, C. C. H. A. V. H.-D., Gobardhan, P., Ho, G., & van der Laan, L. (2020) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01579-8 · Cited by 13
“Informal caregiver burden was assessed using the Caregiver Strain Index (CSI) [16].”
Method
The mediating role of sense of coherence on mental health outcomes in carers of older dependent relatives: A longitudinal study
López‐Martínez, C., Orgeta, V., Osuna, A. F., & Casado, R. D. P. (2020) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5472 · Cited by 20
Effectiveness and implementation of SHared decision-making supported by OUTcome information among patients with breast cancer, stroke and advanced kidney disease: SHOUT study protocol of multiple interrupted time series
Hackert, M. Q. N., Ankersmid, J. W., Engels, N., Prick, J. C. M., Teerenstra, S., Siesling, S., Drossaert, C. H. C., Strobbe, L. J. A., van Riet, Y. E. A., van den Dorpel, R. M. A., et al. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055324 · Cited by 20
Effect of Psycho-Educational Training Program for Parent's Having Child with Leukemia on Their Experience and Psychological Wellbeing
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Kraijo, H., van Exel, J. N. A., & Brouwer, W. B. F. (2015) · BMC Nursing · doi:10.1186/s12912-015-0107-5 · Cited by 21
“The subjective burden of care was assessed with two short, validated instruments: the Caregiver Strain Index (CSI) [38] and the Self-Rated Burden (SRB) [39].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Life satisfaction and strain among informal caregivers of patients with traumatic brain injury in Malaysia
Mazlan, M., Ghani, S. Z. S. A., Tan, K.-F., & Subramanian, P. (2016) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.3109/09638288.2015.1123307 · Cited by 21
“This score was then divided into ‘having strain’ (score of 7) and ‘no strain’ (score of 57).[16,20] All statistical analyses used SPSS for Windows, version 22 (IBM).”
Method
Bathing adaptations in the homes of older adults (BATH-OUT): results of a feasibility randomised controlled trial (RCT)
Whitehead, P. J., Golding-Day, M. R., Belshaw, S., Dawson, T., James, M., & Walker, M. F. (2018) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-018-6200-4 · Cited by 21
Association between Sense of Coherence and Mental Health in Caregivers of Older Adults
López‐Martínez, C., Serrano-Ortega, N., Moreno-Cámara, S., & Casado, R. D. P. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16203800 · Cited by 20
“Burden data were collected using the Caregiver Strain Index developed by Robinson [26]; this study specifically used the Spanish version of Moral Serrano et al.”
Method
A systematic review and integrative sequential explanatory narrative synthesis: The psychosocial impact of parenting a child with a lysosomal storage disorder
Hassall, S., Smith, D. M., Rust, S., & Wittkowski, A. (2022) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1002/jimd.12482 · Cited by 20
The Perceived Caregiver Burden Scale for Caregivers of Elderly People in India
Gupta, R. (2007) · Journal of Applied Gerontology · doi:10.1177/0733464806297685 · Cited by 20
“Several scales for measuring caregiver burden are currently available (Elmståhl, Malmberg, & Annerstedt, 1996; Hirschman, Shea, Xie, & Karlawish, 2004; Kumamoto et al., 2004; Macera, Ealier, Hannarone, Davis, & Stoskopt, 1993; Novak & Guest, 1989; Robinson, 1983; van Exel et al., 2004).”
Caregiver’s burden in pulmonary arterial hypertension: a clinical review
Verma, S., Sayal, A., Vijayan, V., M.Rizvi, S., & Talwar, A. (2016) · Journal of Exercise Rehabilitation · doi:10.12965/jer.1632708.354 · Cited by 20
“Caregiver strain index is a brief and easily self-administered thirteen question tool used to measure family caregiving concerns and comprises of their perception of caregiving (Robinson, 1983).”
BackgroundMethod
Caregivers of Frail Elderly and Medically Fragile Children:
OSTWALD, S. K., Leonard, B. J., Choi, T., et al. (1993) · Home Health Care Services Quarterly · doi:10.1300/j027v14n01_04 · Cited by 20
Measuring outcomes in care of the elderly.
Parker, S. G., Xiang-ying, D., Bardsley, M., et al. (1995) · PubMed · Cited by 20
Practical Functional Assessment of Elderly Persons: A Primary-Care Approach
Fleming, K. C., Evans, J. M., Weber, D. C., et al. (1995) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.4065/70.9.890 · Cited by 20
Fatigue in Advanced Cancer Patients: Congruence Between Patients and Their Informal Caregivers About Patients' Fatigue Severity During Cancer Treatment With Palliative Intent and Predictors of Agreement
Poort, H., Peters, M. E. W. J., Gielissen, M. F. M., Verhagen, C. A. H. H. V. M., Bleijenberg, G., van der Graaf, W. T. A., Wearden, A. J., & Knoop, H. (2016) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2016.02.017 · Cited by 19
Development and protocol for a nurse-led telephonic palliative care program
Tan, A. J., Yamarik, R. L. L., Brody, A. A., et al. (2021) · Nursing Outlook · doi:10.1016/j.outlook.2020.12.011 · Cited by 19
“For each patient, three goals are prioritized: (1) to identify a surrogate decision maker; (2) to conduct and document an ACP conversation; (3) to address caregiver burden if the CSI > 7 (Robinson, 1983).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Post-intensive care syndrome following cardiothoracic critical care: Feasibility of a complex intervention
Henderson, P., Quasim, T., Asher, A. L., Campbell, L., Daniel, M., Davey, L., Devine, H., Gall, M., MacTavish, P., Mcgroarty, K., et al. (2021) · Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine · doi:10.2340/16501977-2825 · Cited by 19
Predictors of the change in burden, strain, mood, and quality of life among caregivers of Parkinson's disease patients
Santos‐García, D., Fonticoba, T. D. D., Bartolomé, C. C., Alvarado, M. C. Í., Painceiras, M. J. F., Castro, E. S., Canfield, H., Miró, C. M., Jesús, S., Aguilar, M., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.5761 · Cited by 22
“Caregivers completed the Zarit Caregiver Burden Inventory (ZCBI)(26) and Caregiver Strain Index (CSI).(27) ZCBI contains 22 items that rate the impact of the disease on the caregiver's physical, emotional, and socioeconomic status.”
Method
Exploring concepts and trends in informal caregiver burden: systematic review using citation network and content analysis
Chien, S.-C., Chang, Y., Yen, C.-M., Onthoni, D. D., Wu, I., Hsu, C., Chiou, H., & Chung, R. (2023) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-023-02582-w · Cited by 23
“Finally, we identified 26 unique caregiver-related assessment tools along with their characteristics—such as the number of items, response options, score interpretations, and the specific aspects of caregiver burden, evaluating with a comprehensive summary provided in Table S7 [40, 43– 65 ].”
Do older patients and their family caregivers agree about the quality of chronic illness care?
Giovannetti, E. R., Reider, L. M., Wolff, J. L., et al. (2013) · International Journal for Quality in Health Care · doi:10.1093/intqhc/mzt052 · Cited by 19
“Caregivers were also administered the Caregiver Strain Index (CSI), a 13-item index (range: 0–24) originally developed to screen for caregiver strain after hospital discharge of an elderly family member [27].”
Method
Carga del cuidado de la enfermedad crónica no transmisible
Carrillo González, G. M., Sánchez Herrera, B., Barrera-Ortíz, L., & Chaparro Díaz, L. (2013) · Intellectum (Universidad de La Sabana) · Cited by 19
Home-based Reach-to-Grasp training for people after stroke is feasible: a pilot randomised controlled trial
Turton, A. P., Cunningham, P., van Wijck, F., Smartt, H., Rogers, C., Sackley, C. M., Jowett, S. M., Sl, W., Wheatley, K., & van Vliet, P. (2016) · Clinical Rehabilitation · doi:10.1177/0269215516661751 · Cited by 19
Rehabilitation for people with multiple sclerosis: an overview of Cochrane systematic reviews
Amatya, B., Khan, F., Ng, L., & Galea, M. P. (2017) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd012732 · Cited by 20
Improved health-related quality of life, participation, and autonomy in patients with treatment-resistant chronic pain after an intensive social cognitive intervention with the participation of support partners
Jongen, P. J., Ruimschotel, R. P., Museler-Kreijns, Y., Dragstra, C., Duyverman, L., Valkenburg-Vissers, J., Cornelissen, J., Lagrand, R. S., Donders, R. A. R. T., & Hartog, A. (2017) · Journal of Pain Research · doi:10.2147/jpr.s137609 · Cited by 19
“A score of ≥7 indicates a high level of stress, and therefore a need for more in-depth assessment to facilitate appropriate intervention (positive screen).(19,20)”
Influential
The Kidney Supportive Care programme: characteristics of patients referred to a new model of care
Purtell, L., Sowa, P. M., Berquier, I. R., et al. (2018) · BMJ Supportive & Palliative Care · doi:10.1136/bmjspcare-2018-001630 · Cited by 19
Return to driving in the first 6 months of community integration after acquired brain injury
Fleming, J. M., Liddle, J., Nalder, E., Weir, N., & Cornwell, P. (2014) · NeuroRehabilitation (Reading, MA) · doi:10.3233/nre-131012 · Cited by 15
“The show must go on”: Behind the scenes of elderly spousal caregiving
Navon, L., & Weinblatt, N. (1996) · Journal of Aging Studies · doi:10.1016/s0890-4065(96)90005-5 · Cited by 19
Chronic illness and informal carers: ‘Non-persons’ in the health system, neither carers, workers or citizens
Williams, C. (2012) · Health Sociology Review · doi:10.5172/hesr.2012.21.1.58 · Cited by 19
“An important fi nding across the studies was that those who were ill or disabled preferred the ‘hospital at home’ option, to the longer stay in a hospital (Richards et al., 1998, p. 1799; Robinson, 1993, pp. 1789–1790).”
Background
The early use of botulinum toxin in post-stroke spasticity: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Lindsay, C., Simpson, J., Ispoglou, S., et al. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-12 · Cited by 19
“The CGSI was first developed by Robinson (1983) and has been used widely with stroke survivors’ families and carers [14].”
Collaboration, facilities and communities in day care services for older people
Burch, S., & Borland, C. D. R. (2001) · Health & Social Care in the Community · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2524.2001.00276.x · Cited by 19
Efectos de la satisfacción con el tiempo de ocio en personas cuidadoras de familiares mayores dependientes
Casado, R. D. P., & Urbano, C. O. (2015) · Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.aprim.2015.06.005 · Cited by 17
The psychological impact on an orthopaedic outpatient setting in the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study
Wong, K. C., Han, X. A., Tay, K. S., Koh, S. B., & Howe, T. S. (2020) · Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research · doi:10.1186/s13018-020-01862-9 · Cited by 18
Effect of Self-Chosen Music in Alleviating the Burden on Family Caregivers of Patients with Advanced Cancer: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Valero-Cantero, I., Casals, C., Espinar-Toledo, M., Barón-López, F. J., Martínez-Valero, F. J., Soler, N. G., & Vázquez‐Sánchez, M. Á. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20054662 · Cited by 24
“This outcome was assessed by using a CSI questionnaire, which has proven to be reliable and is validated for use with a population of Spanish caregivers [27,28].”
Method
Self-Assessment Instruments for Supporting Family Caregivers: An Integrative Review
Benedetti, F. D., Hechinger, M., & Fringer, A. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12101016 · Cited by 23
“Robinson,B.C.[43] Number of items: 13.”
Functional Impairments and Caregiver Depressive Symptoms in the Context of Brain Tumour and Other Cancers: A Mediating Effect of Strain
Ownsworth, T., Henderson, L., Chambers, S. K., & Shum, D. (2009) · Brain Impairment · doi:10.1375/brim.10.2.149 · Cited by 18
“Acceptable internal consistency ( α > .82) of the CSI has been reported in general cancer research (Schumacher et al., 1993).”
Influential
Translation, adaptation and data quality of a D anish version of the B urden S cale for F amily C aregivers
Brogaard, T., Neergaard, M. A., Guldin, M., Sokolowski, I., & Vedsted, P. (2012) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1471-6712.2012.01092.x · Cited by 17

Authors: Robinson, B. C.
Affiliations: University of California, San Francisco (US)
Corresponding author: Robinson, B. C.
Venue: Journal of Gerontology
Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
Published: 1983-05-01
Volume: 38
Issue: 3
Pages: 344-348
ISSN: 0022-1422 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1093/geronj/38.3.344
OpenAlex: W2128077231
Cited by: 1,426
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 41 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 48 · 2022: 67 · 2021: 69 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 57 · 2018: 61 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 55 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 55
FWCI: 24.74
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Gerontology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Nursing › Research and Theory › Nursing care and research
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Intergenerational Family Dynamics and Caregiving
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
Keywords: Caregiver Strain Index, caregiver burden, informal caregivers, family caregivers, spouses, cardiac surgery patients, older adults, intergenerational dependency, scale validation, construct validity
MeSH terms: Adult, Aged, Attitude to Health, Home Nursing, Humans, Life Style, Middle Aged, Surveys and Questionnaires, Stress, Psychological

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Validation of a Caregiver Strain Index

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