Meeting the need to belong: Predicting effects of a friendship enrichment program for older women
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PURPOSE: This study explores the effects of participation in a program designed to enrich friendship and reduce loneliness among women in later life. Several hypotheses based on the need to belong, socioemotional selectivity theory, and the social compensation model were tested. DESIGN AND METHODS: Study 1 involved two measurement points, one at the end of the program and the other 1-year later. Study 2 used a pretest-post-test control group design with a follow-up measurement. A combination of semistructured interviews and structured questionnaires was used to collect data. A comparison group was also drawn from a nationwide representative sample. RESULTS: Participants were characterized by deprivation on the need to belong; that is, loss of a partner, higher levels of loneliness and negative affect, and lower positive affect compared with a nationwide representative sample of same-aged women. Participants were more likely than women in a control group to report the development of new friendships and an improvement in friendship. The combination of new and improved friendships contributed to a significant reduction in loneliness within a year. There was no evidence of satiation of the need to belong among those who did not expand or improve friendships. Loss of a partner had no influence on friendship development; however, age did. Older participants were less likely to improve friendships. IMPLICATIONS: The action-oriented approach that focused on friendship development in this intervention might be applied to other goals considered important in later life (optimal health, autonomy, harmonious family relations).
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Research indicates that indices of social connectedness are modifiable among older adults using social interventions, including group psychotherapy, art/recreational therapy, and peer support.
“Research indicates that indices of social connectedness are modifiable among older adults using social interventions, including group psychotherapy [83], art/recreational therapy [84,85,86,87], and peer support [88].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [83]
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Crăciun, I. C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-44679-5_14
Prekarität und Ansichten zum Altern
Crăciun, I. C. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-83299-4_8
Informal helping behaviours in later life
Celdrán, M., & Chacur-Kiss, K. (2025) · Policy Press eBooks · doi:10.51952/9781447373551.ch004
4 Informal helping behaviours in later life
Celdrán, M., & Chacur-Kiss, K. (2025) · Policy Press eBooks · doi:10.56687/9781447373551-009
Thurlings, C. M. (2009) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
- Authors
- Stevens, N. L., Martina, C. M. S., & Westerhof, G. J.
- Affiliations
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Stevens, Nan L.
- ORCID
- Westerhof, Gerben J.
- Venue
- The Gerontologist
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2006-08
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 495-502
- ISSN
- 0016-9013 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-5341
- OpenAlex
- W2135073386
- Cited by
- 92
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Gerontologist (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Academic REpository of VU University Amsterdam (Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Keywords
- need to belong, loneliness, older women, socioemotional selectivity theory, loss of a partner, friendship development, positive affect, negative affect, aging
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Loneliness, Middle Aged, Netherlands, Quality of Life, Women, Friends
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