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Prevalence of infertility and help seeking among 15 000 women and men
Open accessAbstract
STUDY QUESTION: What is the prevalence of infertility and of help seeking among women and men in Britain? SUMMARY ANSWER: One in eight women and one in ten men aged 16-74 years had experienced infertility, defined by unsuccessfully attempting pregnancy for a year or longer, and little more than half of these people sought medical or professional help. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Estimates of infertility and help seeking in Britain vary widely and are not easily comparable because of different definitions and study populations. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A cross-sectional population survey was conducted between 2010 and 2012 with a sample of 15 162 women and men aged 16-74 years. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: Participants completed the Natsal-3 questionnaire, using computer-assisted personal interviewing (CAPI) and computer-assisted self-interview (CASI). MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The reported prevalence of infertility was 12.5% (CI 95% 11.7-13.3) among women and 10.1% (CI 95% 9.2-11.1) among men. Increased prevalence was associated with later cohabitation with a partner, higher socio-economic status and, for those who had a child, becoming parents at older ages. The reported prevalence of help seeking was 57.3% (CI 95% 53.6-61.0) among women and 53.2% (CI 95% 48.1-58.1) among men. Help seekers were more likely to be better educated and in higher status occupations and, among those who had a child, to have become parents later in life. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: These data are cross-sectional so it is not possible to establish temporality or infer causality. Self-reported data may be subject to recall bias. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The study provides estimates of infertility and help seeking in Britain and the results indicate that the prevalence of infertility is higher among those delaying parenthood. Those with higher educational qualifications and occupational status are more likely to consult with medical professionals for fertility problems than others and these inequalities in help seeking should be considered by clinical practice and public health. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTERESTS: Funding was provided by grants from the Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust, with support from the Economic and Social Research Council and the Department of Health. AMJ is a Governor of the Wellcome Trust. Other authors have no competing interests.
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“Also, the propensity to seek medical attention among women with pelvic pain and infertility is higher among women from higher compared with lower socio-economic status groups. 29”
From Risk of cardiovascular outcomes among women with endometriosis in the United Kingdom: a retrospective matched cohort study (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Socio-economic status may be a proxy marker for lifestyle risk factors associated with endometriosis in the UK.”
From Risk of cardiovascular outcomes among women with endometriosis in the United Kingdom: a retrospective matched cohort study (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Third, in previous observational studies that used surgically confirmed endometriosis as the case definition, the inclusion of non-surgically confirmed endometriosis cases in sensitivity analyses, 29 or in stratified analyses, 23 did not lead to changes in the observed effect estimates.”
From Risk of cardiovascular outcomes among women with endometriosis in the United Kingdom: a retrospective matched cohort study (2021) · cites this paper as [29]
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Items 201–300 of 474
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BackgroundMethodInfluentialThe prevalence of adjustment disorder and predisposing factors in infertile women
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“According to estimates, approximately 10% to 12% of the world’s population is affected by infertility [2].”
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“Infertility is affecting millions of people of reproductive age worldwide, with an estimated prevalence of 9%-12.5% [1–3].”
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“[1] In 2019, there were 1500 ART (Assisted Reproductive Technology) centres across the nation, including 350 private physician clinics and 1000 clinics run by lone practitioners.”
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“Nowadays, the rate of infertility has greatly increased in a considerable number of couples [1–3].”
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“Fertility problems affect 10–15% of all heterosexual couples [19].”
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“5% of all women in the UK seek advice and help at some stage.[7] At many of these considerations, knowledge of the woman’s AMH is critical to the advice given, and empowers the decision‐making by the woman and her consulting doctor.”
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“Furthermore, infertility is often neglected in Lebanon, where there is no specific law or regulation dedicated to reproduction practices.”
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“In general, the prevalence of infertility among women is higher than among men; for example, in UK, the estimated prevalence of infertility was 12.5% for women and 10.1% for men (5).”
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“Furthermore, highly educated women tend to seek medical help when needed, including reproductive treatments (Datta et al., 2016), and tend to have more open attitudes towards ART (Szalma & Djundeva, 2019).”
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“Among females in Britain, the estimated prevalence of infertility was 12.5% (Datta et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialFactors associated with infertility among married women in Rajshahi City, Bangladesh
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“The estimated prevalence of female infertility is 12.5% in the United Kingdom (Datta et al. 2016).”
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Stukaitė-Ruibienė, E., Jurkonis, M., Adomaitis, R., Bumbulienė, Ž., Gudlevičienė, Ž., Verkauskas, G., Žagminas, K., Vaiciuniene, R., & Rascon, J. (2021) · Ginekologia Polska · doi:10.5603/gp.a2021.0027 · Cited by 4
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Ping, P., Zheng, Z., Ma, Y., Zou, S.-S., & Chen, X. (2021) · Asian Journal of Andrology · doi:10.4103/aja202151 · Cited by 4
Zhao, J.-Q., Lv, J.-L., Wang, X.-B., Wei, Y., Guo, R.-H., Leng, X., Du, Q., Huang, D., Wu, Q., Pan, B., et al. (2023) · Human Reproduction Open · doi:10.1093/hropen/hoad025 · Cited by 6
“Teratozoospermia is a common cause of male infertility, and around 50% of male infertility involves morphological sperm defects at some level (Inhorn and Patrizio, 2015; Datta et al., 2016; Tüttelmann et al., 2018).”
BackgroundPredictive Value of Endometrial Length Measurement by Transvaginal Ultrasound and IVF/ICSI Outcomes.
Ahmadi, F., Maghari, A., & Pahlavan, F. (2020) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22074/ijfs.2020.44380 · Cited by 4
“Infertility is a consideration in one out of eight reproductive age women and one out of ten men of reproductive age (2).”
BackgroundAbd‐Allah, E. R., & El‐Rahman, H. A. A. (2021) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.14362 · Cited by 4
“Infertility, defined as the failure to conceive within 1 year of regular intercourse, is a personal, societal, and financial challenge (Datta et al., 2016).”
BackgroundAntibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in follicular fluids and their association with assisted reproduction
Chillon, T. S., Weiss, G., Demircan, K., Minich, W. B., Schenk, M., & Schomburg, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1120328 · Cited by 4
“Infertility affects about one in eight women, half of whom seek medical help (1).”
BackgroundInfertility Worldwide: The Lack of Global Pediatric Andrologists and Prevention
Zampieri, N., Federica, B., Patanè, S., Vestri, E., & Saverio, C. F. (2019) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.88459 · Cited by 4
Sperm selection for assisted reproductive technology: do we have a winner?
Li, Y., Wang, H., Sun, X., Li, Q., & Xu, J. (2025) · Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10815-025-03684-2 · Cited by 3
“According to the World Health Organization, 8% to 12% of reproductive-aged couples are affected by infertility, with male factors contributing to 50% of these cases, including gonadal dysfunction, erectile disorders, and abnormal sperm quality [1–3].”
Tang, H., Yang, J. J., Wu, Z., Jiang, B., Sun, W., Zhang, C., Hu, Z., Fu, Q., Zhang, Y., & Zhang, S. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0335926 · Cited by 3
Pónusz-Kovács, D., Csákvári, T., Kajos, L., Elmer, D., Pónusz, R., Kovács, B., Várnagy, Á., Kovács, K. A., Bódis, J., & Boncz, I. (2025) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-025-12348-x · Cited by 3
Babikir, S. A. M., Hamedelniel, E. I. M., Elhassan, G. O., & Alfadl, A. A. (2025) · BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies · doi:10.1186/s12906-025-04865-3 · Cited by 3
“These reports about the continuing increase in cases of infertility worldwide led the WHO to declare infertility a worldwide reproductive health problem [6].”
Jwa, S. C., Ishihara, O., Kuwahara, A., Saito, K., Saito, H., Terada, Y., Kobayashi, Y., & Maeda, E. (2021) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100995 · Cited by 3
“Infertility affects 8%–12% of reproductive-age couples worldwide (Boivin et al., 2007; Datta et al., 2016; Ombelet et al., 2008) and causes substantial personal distress to millions of couples from all socioeconomic backgrounds.”
BackgroundGreen tea (Camellia sinensis) aqueous extract improved human spermatozoa functions in vitro
Setumo, M. A., Choma, S., Henkel, R., & Opuwari, C. S. (2022) · Journal of Medicinal Plants for Economic Development · doi:10.4102/jomped.v6i1.166 · Cited by 3
“Infertility, defined as the inability to conceive following 12 months period of regular unprotected sexual intercourse, impacts about 15% of couples and 7% of all men globally (Cardona Barberán et al. 2020; Datta et al. 2016; Krausz & Riera-Escamilla 2018).”
BackgroundThe Effects of the Follicle-Stimulating Hormone on Human Follicular Fluid-Derived Stromal Cells
Skliutė, G., Vaigauskaitė, B., Kaupinis, A., Valius, M., Kazėnaitė, E., & Navakauskienė, R. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24032450 · Cited by 3
“It is estimated that infertility can affect up to 15% of reproductive-age couples [1], although some studies have revealed that the prevalence was higher in couples who delay cohabitation with a partner, have higher socio-economic status and their parental age was higher when conceiving first child [2].”
BackgroundLv, Y., Chen, Y., Hu, L., Ding, H., Liu, M., Li, H., Hou, Y., & Xing, Q. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15833 · Cited by 3
Chen, J., Liu, S., & Jian-guo, L. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.3892/etm.2023.12148 · Cited by 3
Higher oxidative balance score is associated with lower female infertility: a cross-sectional study
Xiong, L., Liu, X., Yu, C., Xia, L., Zhou, L., Yao, C., & Xu, Z. (2024) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2024.1484756 · Cited by 3
Nakagawa, H. M. (2018) · JBRA · doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20180074 · Cited by 3
“According to the literature, approximately one in eight couples suffer with infertility (Boivin et al., 2007; Datta et al., 2016).”
BackgroundPan, L., Wang, P., Lin, L., Hsu, S., & Tsui, K. (2019) · Taiwanese Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.tjog.2019.07.009 · Cited by 3
The Impact of LHR Gene Polymorphism Rs12470652 in Women with POF and Nihh, A Case-Control Study
Mahmoud, S. T. M., AL-Kazaz, A. K. A., & Al-Musawi, B. J. M. (2020) · Iraqi Journal of Science · doi:10.24996/ijs.2020.61.3.6 · Cited by 3
“However, there are differences in the prevalence of infertile women from one country to another; surveys showed that infertility affects approximately 13-15% of women around the globe, with around 30% in some developing countries [6, 7] and about 17–28% in industrialized countries [8].”
BackgroundProtection of reproductive health: international and national experience
Zharovska, I., Бліхар, М., Matkivska, R. M., & Cherkasova, L. А. (2022) · Reproductive Endocrinology · doi:10.18370/2309-4117.2022.66.109-117 · Cited by 3
Serum Vitamin D Level among Infertile Women at Basra City
Al-Assadi, A. F., Al-Haroon, D. S., Al-Rubaye, A. H., & Subhi, D. A. (2018) · Journal of Women s Health Care · doi:10.4172/2167-0420.1000452 · Cited by 3
Factors associated with female infertility in Ukraine: results a multicenter study
Salmanov, A. G., Yuzko, O. M., Tofan, B. Y., Artyomenko, V., Korniyenko, S. M., Rud, V. O., Dyndar, O. A., Ковалишин, О. А., Nykoniuk, T. R., & Nastradina, N. M. (2024) · Wiadomości Lekarskie · doi:10.36740/wlek202404127 · Cited by 2
Nationwide prevalence of infertility in Iranian couples: findings from a 2019 study
Taheripanah, R., Haghdoost, A.-A., Baneshi, M. R., Yazdanpanah, M., Salehi, F., Akbari, N., & Safari‐Faramani, R. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-22974-z · Cited by 2
“The present study observed a higher prevalence of secondary infertility compared to primary infertility for both the 12-and 24-month duration, a finding consistent with results reported in Spain, China, Ukraine, and some other parts of the world, as cited by Gurunath et al. [9, 14, 35, 36].”
Transcription factor-mediated gene regulatory networks in the formation of oocytes
Wu, D., Liang, Z., Li, Z., Zhang, B., Li, Q., Shi, K., & Fang, S. (2025) · Reproduction Fertility and Development · doi:10.1071/rd25054 · Cited by 2
Female fertility and lifestyle
Torkel, S., Jafar, N. K. A., Villani, A. M., Mantzioris, E., Norman, R. J., Wang, R., Cowan, S., & Moran, L. (2025) · Minerva Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.23736/s2724-606x.25.05770-7 · Cited by 3
Effect of telomere length and related gene polymorphism in signaling pathway on semen quality
Jia, X., Cao, J., Zhang, S., Feng, K., Li, J., Guo, H., Qu, X., Ling, T., Yang, Y., 吴爱华, et al. (2026) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-34054-8 · Cited by 2
Liu, J., Zhang, J., Li, H., Yuan, Z., Liu, J., Jia, W., Sun, Y., Wang, X., & Yanfen, S. H. E. (2026) · International Journal of Women s Health · doi:10.2147/ijwh.s578082 · Cited by 3
Udeze, C., Gargano, M. A., Yang, H., Ogunsile, F. J., Li, N., Fang, H., Jeyakumar, S., & Lopez, A. (2026) · Journal of Medical Economics · doi:10.1080/13696998.2026.2649528 · Cited by 3
Best Practice Guidelines for Sperm DNA Fragmentation Testing
Majzoub, A. A., Agarwal, A. K., Cho, C., & Esteves, S. C. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-32300-4_63 · Cited by 2
PERFIL DOS CASAIS INFÉRTEIS SUBMETIDOS À TÉCNICA DE REPRODUÇÃO HUMANA ASSISTIDA
dos Santos, D. C. D. J., Fraga, F. D. S., & Takenami, I. (2020) · Biológicas & Saúde · doi:10.25242/8868103320201990 · Cited by 2
Henderson, L. R., Lane, V. A., Sugarman, I. D., & Jaffray, B. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2021.10.041 · Cited by 2
Nyandra, M., Widhiantara, I. G., & Wiradana, P. A. (2022) · World s Veterinary Journal · doi:10.54203/scil.2022.wvj1 · Cited by 2
Halpern, G., Braga, D. P. A. F., Setti, A. S., Morishima, C., Iaconelli, A., & Borges, E. (2023) · JBRA · doi:10.5935/1518-0557.20230012 · Cited by 3
Современный взгляд на проблему бесплодного брака: обзор литературы
Кулбаева, С. Н., Yadav, M., Салимбаева, Б. Т., Штобза, О. С., Джантаева, З. Б., & Борибаева, Д. А. (2024) · Репродуктивная медицина · doi:10.37800/rm.1.2024.147-157 · Cited by 2
Optimal control model for IVF treatment in women
Yeolekar, B. M., Shukla, N. J., Shukla, J., Yeolekar, M. A., Patil, S. R., & Santra, P. K. (2024) · International Journal of Biomathematics · doi:10.1142/s1793524524501018 · Cited by 2
Relationship between relative fat mass and infertility: A cross-sectional study
Zhao, X., Wu, Y., & Hu, H. (2024) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000039990 · Cited by 2
“[2,3] According to a research from the United States, 6% of women of reproductive age had infertility diagnoses, and 12% had impaired fertility.”
BackgroundUnraveling the Nutritional Perspectives of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Female Healthcare
Kumari, N., Pal, Y., Tailor, C. S., Negi, D., Syan, J., Badhani, A., & Pal, R. S. (2025) · Recent Advances in Food Nutrition & Agriculture · doi:10.2174/012772574x374047250325183211 · Cited by 2
Merviel, P., Jacamon, A.-S., Bouée, S., Martelot, M. L., Roche, S., Chabaud, J., Drapier, H., Perrin, A., & Beauvillard, D. (2020) · Clinical Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine · doi:10.15761/cogrm.1000301 · Cited by 2
“The prevalence of infertility ranges from 12% to 24%, depending on the study [2,3].”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Datta, J., Palmer, M. J., Tanton, C., Gibson, L. J., Jones, K. G., Macdowall, W., Glasier, A., Sonnenberg, P., Field, N., Mercer, C. H., Johnson, A. M., & Wellings, K.
- Affiliations
- London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
- Mortimer Market Centre (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Datta, J.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Human Reproduction
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-06-30
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 2108-2118
- ISSN
- 0268-1161 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2350
- PMC
- PMC4991655
- OpenAlex
- W2464514360
- Cited by
- 471
- References
- 69
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 41 · 2024: 52 · 2023: 62 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 70 · 2019: 39 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 33.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Human Reproduction (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (acceptedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Edinburgh Research Explorer (University of Edinburgh) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust
- Economic and Social Research Council and Department of Health
- National Institute for Health Research Methods Fellowship
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Health and Technologies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Reproductive Health and Contraception
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Demographic Trends and Gender Preferences
- Keywords
- infertility prevalence, help-seeking, fertility problems, delayed parenthood, socioeconomic disparities, educational attainment, occupational status, cohabitation, age at first birth, Natsal-3, Great Britain, recall bias
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Infertility, Female, Infertility, Male, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Surveys and Questionnaires, Prevalence, Young Adult
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